Abstract: A system includes a plurality of photovoltaic modules; an inverter; and a controller configured to generate a signal to be transmitted to a local management unit connected to at least one of the plurality of photovoltaic modules. A first local management unit is configured to receive a communication signal from the controller. The first local management unit is configured to output a message to all other connected local management units. A second local management unit is configured to receive the communication signal from the first local management unit and to output a second message to the first local management unit. The controller is configured to identify a location of the second local management unit using the second message sent to the first local management unit and store the location in a memory of the controller.

Abstract: A transmitter having: an oscillator to generate a clock signal and synthesize frequencies for modulating a message to generate first signals to a first direct current power line, and a control circuit to adjust timing of the first signals in synchronization with second signals transmitted in a second direct current power line disposed in a vicinity of the first direct current power line, by synchronizing phase of the first and second signals or by transmitting the first and the second signals in separate time windows.

Abstract: A system includes a modulator configured to generate a communication signal whose modulation represents coded information to be transmitted to a local management unit connected to a photovoltaic module. A local management unit is configured to receive a communication signal whose modulation represents coded information from an inverter or a transmitter. The local management unit is configured to receive a unique pairing sequence; pair to a first transmitter or inverter; and receive communications from the first transmitter or inverter. The local management unit is configured to ignore communications from a second transmitter or inverter that is not paired to the local management unit.

Abstract: A transmitter having: an oscillator to generate a clock signal and synthesize frequencies for modulating a message to generate first signals to a first direct current power line, and a control circuit to adjust timing of the first signals in synchronization with second signals transmitted in a second direct current power line disposed in a vicinity of the first direct current power line, by synchronizing phase of the first and second signals or by transmitting the first and the second signals in separate time windows.

Abstract: A transmitter includes a modulator configured to digitally generate a communication signal whose modulation represents coded information to be transmitted to a local management unit. The transmitter can include a control unit configured to generate harmonic frequencies that are in-phase, inverted, or out-of-phase from a raw signal using fundamental frequencies for modulation.

Abstract: A transmitter having: an oscillator to generate a clock signal and synthesize frequencies for modulating a message to generate first signals to a first direct current power line, and a control circuit to adjust timing of the first signals in synchronization with second signals transmitted in a second direct current power line disposed in a vicinity of the first direct current power line, by synchronizing phase of the first and second signals or by transmitting the first and the second signals in separate time windows.

Abstract: A high-low light-emitting diode glow-in-the-dark flashlight. The flashlight includes an end cap assembly that snaps onto the top of a 9-volt battery. The battery functions as both a power source and a handle. The end cap assembly includes a highly efficient and high brightness LED and a switch that turns the light on and off. A spot on the flashlight glows when turned off, allowing the flashlight to be easily located in the dark. The end cap assembly further includes a 9-volt battery snap that releasably connects to the terminal of a conventional 9-volt battery. The end cap assembly simply snaps on and off the terminal end of the battery. In another embodiment, a glow-in-the-dark housing fits over the end cap assembly. The flashlight is small and lightweight.