Abstract: In an embodiment, an apparatus includes a body comprising an inner body wall and an outer body wall centered about a longitudinal axis. The inner body wall and the outer body wall form a ridge at a first end of the body, and the ridge is configured to receive a force applied to the apparatus. The apparatus includes a base at a second end of the body. The base includes a flange configured to form a seal against a container wall and an aperture centered about the longitudinal axis. The base is centered about the longitudinal axis. The apparatus includes an inlet protruding from the base in a direction towards the first end of the body, and the inlet is configured to secure the apparatus to a nozzle of a cartridge. The apparatus is configured to force a material into the cartridge in response to the force applied to the apparatus.

Abstract: In an embodiment, an apparatus includes a body comprising an inner body wall and an outer body wall centered about a longitudinal axis. The inner body wall and the outer body wall form a ridge at a first end of the body, and the ridge is configured to receive a force applied to the apparatus. The apparatus includes a base at a second end of the body. The base includes a flange configured to form a seal against a container wall and an aperture centered about the longitudinal axis. The base is centered about the longitudinal axis. The apparatus includes an inlet protruding from the base in a direction towards the first end of the body, and the inlet is configured to secure the apparatus to a nozzle of a cartridge. The apparatus is configured to force a material into the cartridge in response to the force applied to the apparatus.

Abstract: A contoured surface planing apparatus for removing proud-standing material from a contoured surface without damaging the surface. The apparatus may include a tool comprising a motor-driven rotary cutter supported by a main body for rotation about a cutter axis, and orientation contact points spaced around the cutter and defining an orientation contact plane disposed parallel to the cutter axis.

Abstract: A contoured surface planing apparatus for removing proud-standing material from a contoured surface without damaging the surface. The apparatus may include a tool comprising a motor-driven rotary cutter supported by a main body for rotation about a cutter axis, and orientation contact points spaced around the cutter and defining an orientation contact plane disposed parallel to the cutter axis.

Abstract: A cycle saddle assembly includes a stem unit having a saddle stem. A pneumatic suspension member is supported by the stem unit. A saddle seat is supported at least in part by the pneumatic suspension member for movement relative to the saddle stem. Whereby the shock omnidirectionally transmitting from the rider and the frame of the bicycle during riding will be absorbed by such a cycle saddle assembly.

Abstract: Substantially pure ionic liquids and ionic liquid precursors were prepared. The substantially pure ionic liquid precursors were used to prepare substantially pure ionic liquids.

Abstract: A method of determining beryllium or a beryllium compound thereof in a sample, includes providing a sample suspected of comprising beryllium or a compound thereof, extracting beryllium or a compound thereof from the sample by dissolving in a solution, adding a fluorescent indicator to the solution to thereby bind any beryllium or a compound thereof to the fluorescent indicator, and determining the presence or amount of any beryllium or a compound thereof in the sample by measuring fluorescence.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for screening chemicals using micro x-ray fluorescence. A method for screening a mixture of potential pharmaceutical chemicals for binding to at least one target binder involves flow-separating a solution of chemicals and target binders into separated components, exposing them to an x-ray excitation beam, detecting x-ray fluorescence signals from the components, and determining from the signals whether or not a binding event between a chemical and target binder has occurred.

Abstract: A sensor for detecting and measuring analyte includes a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a porous support positioned in between and in contact with the working electrode and the counter electrode. At least one of the working electrode and the counter electrode is perforated. Aprotic ionic liquid fills the pores and is adsorbed on the surface of the porous support. The sensor also includes an electrical power source that provides a controlled voltage difference between the working electrode and the counter electrode, and an ammeter that measures the current flowing from the working electrode to the counter electrode.

Abstract: A reversible electro-optic device includes a medium of variable transmittance to light. The medium includes a soluble redox couple of a first soluble metal containing species and a second soluble metal containing species. The metal of the soluble redox couple is capable of being electrodeposited. The medium also includes one or more anodic compound(s) capable of being oxidized. An alternate medium includes a soluble metal-containing species and a soluble anodic compound, where the soluble metal-containing species includes metal capable of being electrodeposited, and the anodic compound is capable of being oxidized to a soluble oxidized anodic compound. Another electro-optic device includes a medium of variable reflection to light.

Abstract: A method of determining beryllium or a beryllium compound thereof in a sample, includes providing a sample suspected of comprising beryllium or a compound thereof, extracting beryllium or a compound thereof from the sample by dissolving in a solution, adding a fluorescent indicator to the solution to thereby bind any beryllium or a compound thereof to the fluorescent indicator, and determining the presence or amount of any beryllium or a compound thereof in the sample by measuring fluorescence.

Abstract: Flow method and apparatus for screening chemicals using micro x-ray fluorescence. The invention includes a method and apparatus for screening a mixture of potential pharmaceutical chemicals for binding to at least one target binder. According to the method, after preparing a solution of potential pharmaceutical chemicals with at least one target binder, the solution is flow-separated into at least two separated components. Each component is exposed to an x-ray excitation beam. Any component that emits a detectable x-ray fluorescence signal is isolated.

Abstract: Radiofrequency attenuator and method. The attenuator includes a pair of transparent windows. A chamber between the windows is filled with molten salt. Preferred molten salts include quarternary ammonium cations and fluorine-containing anions such as tetrafluoroborate (BF4?), hexafluorophosphate (PF6?), hexafluoroarsenate (AsF6?), trifluoromethylsulfonate (CF3 SO3?), bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ((CF3 SO2)2 N?), bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide ((CF3CF2SO2)2 N?) and tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide ((CF3SO2)3 C?). Radicals or radical cations may be added to or electrochemically generated in the molten salt to enhance the RF attenuation.

Abstract: Electrolyte solutions for electrochromic devices such as rear view mirrors and displays with low leakage currents are prepared using inexpensive, low conductivity conductors. Preferred electrolytes include bifunctional redox dyes and molten salt solvents with enhanced stability toward ultraviolet radiation. The solvents include lithium or quaternary ammonium cations, and perfluorinated sulfonylimide anions selected from trifluoromethylsulfonate (CF3SO3?), bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ((CF3SO2)2N?), bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide ((CF3CF2SO2)2N?) and tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide ((CF3SO2)3C?). Electroluminescent, electrochromic and photoelectrochromic devices with nanostructured electrodes include ionic liquids with bifunctional redox dyes.

Abstract: Electrochromic salts. Electrochromic salts of dicationic viologens such as methyl viologen and benzyl viologen associated with anions selected from bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide, and tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide are produced by metathesis with the corresponding viologen dihalide. They are highly soluble in molten quarternary ammonium salts and together with a suitable reductant provide electrolyte solutions that are used in electrochromic windows.

Abstract: Radiofrequency attenuator and method. The attenuator includes a pair of transparent windows. A chamber between the windows is filled with molten salt. Preferred molten salts include quarternary ammonium cations and fluorine-containing anions such as tetrafluoroborate (BF4?), hexafluorophosphate (PF6?), hexafluoroarsenate (AsF6?), trifluoromethylsulfonate (CF3SO3?), bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ((CF3SO2)2N?), bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide ((CF3CF2SO2)2N?) and tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide ((CF3SO2)3C?). Radicals or radical cations may be added to or electrochemically generated in the molten salt to enhance the RF attenuation.

Abstract: Electrochromic salts. Electrochromic salts of dicationic viologens such as methyl viologen and benzyl viologen associated with anions selected from bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide, and tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide are produced by metathesis with the corresponding viologen dihalide. They are highly soluble in molten quarternary ammonium salts and together with a suitable reductant provide electrolyte solutions that are used in electrochromic windows.

Abstract: The method for screening binding between a target binder and potential pharmaceutical chemicals involves sending a solution (preferably an aqueous solution) of the target binder through a conduit to a size exclusion filter, the target binder being too large to pass through the size exclusion filter, and then sending a solution of one or more potential pharmaceutical chemicals (preferably an aqueous solution) through the same conduit to the size exclusion filter after target binder has collected on the filter. The potential pharmaceutical chemicals are small enough to pass through the filter. Afterwards, x-rays are sent from an x-ray source to the size exclusion filter, and if the potential pharmaceutical chemicals form a complex with the target binder, the complex produces an x-ray fluorescence signal having an intensity that indicates that a complex has formed.

Abstract: The method for screening binding between a target binder and potential pharmaceutical chemicals involves sending a solution (preferably an aqueous solution) of the target binder through a conduit to a size exclusion filter, the target binder being too large to pass through the size exclusion filter, and then sending a solution of one or more potential pharmaceutical chemicals (preferably an aqueous solution) through the same conduit to the size exclusion filter after target binder has collected on the filter. The potential pharmaceutical chemicals are small enough to pass through the filter. Afterwards, x-rays are sent from an x-ray source to the size exclusion filter, and if the potential pharmaceutical chemicals form a complex with the target binder, the complex produces an x-ray fluorescence signal having an intensity that indicates that a complex has formed.