Abstract: Sensing arrangements for measuring force or torque by transmitting light on a reflective region and measuring how the reflected light is received, including a sensor arrangement that uses a non-symmetric reflective region and a sensor arrangement that uses multiple arrangements of at least three light sensors, where the at least three light sensors are arranged such that they are not co-linear.

Abstract: A system for assessing grip security, the system comprising: a contact surface having at least a first contact surface region and a second contact surface region, the first contact surface region being configured to resist slip less than the second contact surface region, a sensor for detecting slip in the first contact region.

Abstract: A system for estimating friction, the system including a contact surface including a plurality of protrusions extending from a base surface, the contact surface further including a first contact surface region and a second contact surface region, the first contact surface region being configured to resist slip less than the second contact surface region, and a sensor arrangement configured for detecting displacement of at least three of the plurality of protrusions in three different dimensions to measure a three-dimensional force applied to the at least three plurality of protrusions at a moment of slippage of the first contact surface region.

Abstract: A system for assessing grip security, the system comprising: a contact surface having at least a first contact surface region and a second contact surface region, the first contact surface region being configured to resist slip less than the second contact surface region, a sensor for detecting slip in the first contact region.