Abstract: The invention relates to novel and improved halogen-free flame retardant compounds having the structure of Formula (I): wherein: R1 and R2 are independently hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, —P(O)(OR3)2, —P(O)OR3R4, or —P(O)R32, wherein R3 and R4 are independently C1-C4 alkyl, C6-C12 aryl, C7-C15 aralkyl or C7-C15 alkaryl; or R1 and R2 taken together form an unsaturated cyclic ring, which is optionally substituted by an alkyl group; each k is independently an integer from 1 to 2; each X is independently oxygen (O) or sulphur (S); v is 0 or 1; each Y is independently C1-C4 alkylene, C6 arylene, C7-C15 aralkylene, C7-C15 alkarylene, oxygen (O), nitrogen (NR), wherein R is H or C1-C4 alkyl; n is 0, 1 or 2 with the proviso that n is 1 when Y is oxygen (O) or nitrogen (NR); each Z is independently C1-C4 alkylene, C6 arylene, C7-C15 aralkylene or C7-C15 is alkarylene; m is independently 0, 1 or 2; with the proviso that when Y is oxygen (O) or nitrogen (N), m cannot be 0; each Q is independently C1-C4 alkylene; t is an integer

Abstract: A personal cooling element for patients comprises at least one cooling zone (2) that can be pre-tensioned against the body surface (10) of a person wearing the personal cooling element. The cooling zone (2) is three-layered with an internal layer (4) that faces towards the body, an external layer (6) that faces away from the body and an evaporation zone (8) that is located therebetween. The internal layer (4) and the external layer (6) each are made from a material that is waterproof and permeable to water vapor. The evaporation zone (8) is supplied with liquid water.