Abstract: Systems and methods of observing a sample using a charged-particle beam apparatus in voltage contrast mode are disclosed. The charged-particle beam apparatus comprises a charged-particle source, an optical source, a charged-particle detector configured to detect charged particles, and a controller having circuitry configured to apply a first signal to cause the optical source to generate the optical pulse, apply a second signal to the charged-particle detector to detect the second plurality of charged particles, and adjust a time delay between the first and the second signals. In some embodiments, the controller having circuitry may be further configured to acquire a plurality of images of a structure, to determine an electrical characteristic of the structure based on the rate of gray level variation of the plurality of images of the structure, and to simulate, using a model, a physical characteristic of the structure based on the determined electrical characteristic.

Abstract: A system and method are provided that use an AC power supply, a battery, and intelligent control, to power a system. During idle or down times, the power system stores energy from the AC power supply. When the powered system is in operation and the power needed exceeds that available from the AC power supply, stored power from the battery supplies the difference between the required power and the available AC power.

Abstract: A method of measuring a delay time of a propagation of a signal in a line in a circuit structure, the method comprises irradiating the line by pulses of a charged particle beam, wherein a pulse repetition frequency of the pulses of the charged particle beam is varied. The method further comprises measuring, for each of the pulse repetition frequencies, a secondary charged particle emission responsive to the irradiating the line by the pulses of the charged particle beam at the respective pulse repetition frequency, and deriving the delay time of the line based on the secondary charged particle emission responsive to the varying of the pulse repetition frequency.

Abstract: The first layer mark and the second layer mark are adapted to be projected onto each other during the lithographic process. The first layer components and the second layer components are adapted to be arranged in a plurality of different overlay configurations, each overlay configuration comprising a number of the plurality of the first layer components and a number of the plurality of the second layer components, and each overlay configuration having a different overlay distance at which each first layer component is arranged in a first direction of an associated second layer component of the second layer components. The method comprises determining an overlay step which represents a difference between the different overlay distances of the plurality of overlay configurations, determining a largest overlay distance, determining the number of first layer components and/or the number of associated second layer components in each overlay configuration.

Abstract: Optically determining whether metallic features in different layers in a structure are in electrical contact with each other. When the metallic features include different metals and/or have different dimensions, which cause one or more resonances in reflected radiation to be detected, the metallic features in the different layers are determined to be in contact or out of contact with each other based on the spectral positions of the one or more resonances. When the metallic features are formed from the same metal and have the same dimensions, the metallic features in the different layers are determined to be in contact with each other responsive to detection of a single resonance associated with the metallic features and out of contact with each other responsive to detection of two or more resonances associated with the metallic features.

Abstract: A method for initializing an electronically slip-controllable power braking system after a startup and an electronically slip-controllable power braking system. Power braking systems are equipped with a pressure generator for conveying pressure medium in a pressure medium circuit. The pressure generator includes a plunger unit made up of a plunger cylinder, a plunger piston, and a plunger work chamber enclosed by plunger cylinder and plunger piston. A characteristic, using which an actuation of the plunger piston is carried out by the motor during the initialization of the power braking system, is selected by the electronic control unit as a function of a piece of information present about the position of plunger piston at the start of the initialization and implemented by corresponding electronic activation of the motor.

Abstract: System (195) and method (300) for providing an extra torque from a motor (110) to a brake pedal (115). The system comprises a brake pedal (115) having an input rod; a motor (110); a sensor (125); and an electronic controller (130) configured to receive a velocity of the input rod of the brake pedal (115) from the sensor (125), determine a torque ratio based on the velocity, determine a differential stroke of the brake pedal (115), determine a torque offset based on the differential stroke, determine an extra torque based on the torque ratio and the torque offset, and control the motor (110) to apply the extra torque to the brake pedal (115).

Abstract: A method for initializing an electronically slip-controllable power braking system after a startup and an electronically slip-controllable power braking system. Power braking systems are equipped with a pressure generator for conveying pressure medium in a pressure medium circuit. The pressure generator includes a plunger unit made up of a plunger cylinder, a plunger piston, and a plunger work chamber enclosed by plunger cylinder and plunger piston. A characteristic, using which an actuation of the plunger piston is carried out by the motor during the initialization of the power braking system, is selected by the electronic control unit as a function of a piece of information present about the position of plunger piston at the start of the initialization and implemented by corresponding electronic activation of the motor.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices for voltage identification using a pulse-width modulation signal are provided. Such an integrated circuit device may include an input/output (I/O) interface and voltage identification (VID) circuitry. The VID circuitry may be coupled to the input/output interface. The voltage identification circuitry may generate a voltage identification signal that is output on the input/output interface. The voltage identification signal may include a pulsed signal having a particular duty cycle that corresponds to a specified voltage level to enable a voltage regulator that receives the voltage identification signal to provide an input voltage to the integrated circuit device at the specified voltage level.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices for voltage identification using a pulse-width modulation signal are provided. Such an integrated circuit device may include an input/output (I/O) interface and voltage identification (VID) circuitry. The VID circuitry may be coupled to the input/output interface. The voltage identification circuitry may generate a voltage identification signal that is output on the input/output interface. The voltage identification signal may include a pulsed signal having a particular duty cycle that corresponds to a specified voltage level to enable a voltage regulator that receives the voltage identification signal to provide an input voltage to the integrated circuit device at the specified voltage level.

Abstract: A method for operating an electromechanical brake booster of a braking system including: establishing a virtual setpoint brake pressure variable; and establishing a setpoint differential travel variable with respect to a setpoint differential travel at least by: establishing a first intermediate value while taking into consideration a first weighting relation and a minimum from a first value set including the virtual setpoint brake pressure variable and a jump-in pressure variable; and establishing a second intermediate value while taking into consideration a second weighting relation and a maximum from a second value set including zero and a value of a difference using the virtual setpoint brake pressure variable as the minuend and the jump-in pressure variable as the subtrahend. A method for operating a recuperative braking system is also provided.

Abstract: A method for operating an electromechanical brake booster of a braking system including: establishing a virtual setpoint brake pressure variable; and establishing a setpoint differential travel variable with respect to a setpoint differential travel at least by: establishing a first intermediate value while taking into consideration a first weighting relation and a minimum from a first value set including the virtual setpoint brake pressure variable and a jump-in pressure variable; and establishing a second intermediate value while taking into consideration a second weighting relation and a maximum from a second value set including zero and a value of a difference using the virtual setpoint brake pressure variable as the minuend and the jump-in pressure variable as the subtrahend. A method for operating a recuperative braking system is also provided.