Abstract: A steel for a gear includes, based on a total weight of the steel: C: 0.10-0.30 wt %, Si: 0.60-0.80 wt %, Mn: 0.25-0.75 wt %, Cr: 1.80-2.20 wt %, Ni: 0.50-1.50 wt %, Mo: 0.20-0.40 wt %, Nb: 0.025-0.050 wt %, V: 0.030-0.050 wt %, and a balance of Fe and inevitable impurities, wherein contents of Nb and V satisfy the following <Relationship Formula 1>: 0.055<[Nb]+[V]<0.100??<Relationship Formula 1>, wherein [Nb] represents a content of Nb and [V] represents a content of V.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a DC-DC converter, a vehicle, and a control method including the same, and more particularly, to a DC-DC converter, a vehicle, and a control method including the same capable of effectively detecting and responding to an interlock failure of a connector.

Abstract: A vehicle is provided that includes a DC converter having a first end connected to a fuel cell, a second end connected to a high-voltage battery, and at least one switching element connected between the first end and the second end, a fuel cell control unit which controls an activation state of a running command for start of the fuel cell based on an on-off state of vehicle start, and a converter controller which controls a running state of the DC converter according to an initial start sequence, a shutdown sequence, or a restart sequence for the fuel cell based on the activation state of the running command.

Abstract: A method for controlling a vehicle includes determining the number of driving legs according to an output current target value of a DC-DC converter; selecting one or more legs to be switched as many as the number of the driving legs from among a plurality of legs included in the DC-DC converter based on accumulated operation time for each of the plurality of legs; and controlling an output current value of the DC-DC converter to follow the output current target value by switching the selected one or more legs.

Abstract: A DC-DC converter, a vehicle including the converter, and a controlling method thereof are provided. The DC-DC converter includes a first capacitor connected to a first DC terminal, a second capacitor connected to a second DC terminal, a plurality of converting circuits each including at least an inductor and a plurality of switching elements, and connected to each other in parallel between the first capacitor and the second capacitor, and a controller configured to control an ON/OFF state of the plurality of switching elements provided of each of the converting circuits. When external power connection with respect to each of the first DC terminal and the second DC terminal is disconnected, the controller is configured to control states of the plurality of switching elements to sequentially provide a plurality of different discharge paths between opposite terminals of the second capacitor via the plurality of converting circuits.

Abstract: A direct current to direct current (DC-DC) converter, a vehicle including the converter, and a controlling method thereof are proposed. The DC-DC converter is capable of efficiently detecting and responding to miscoupling of a connector. The DC-DC converter includes a first inlet corresponding to a first DC terminal, a transformation circuit connected to the first DC terminal and a second DC terminal while being located therebetween, and a converter controller, wherein when receiving a voltage command corresponding to the first DC terminal from an external controller, the converter controller is configured to determine whether or not a connector coupled to the first inlet is miscoupled thereto based on whether or not a voltage of the first DC terminal follows the voltage command.

Abstract: A DC-DC converter may include a first capacitor connected to a first DC end, a second capacitor connected to a second DC end, a power conversion circuit connected between the first capacitor and the second capacitor and including at least one switching element, and a controller determining, when the second capacitor is charged as the battery is connected to the second DC end, whether the at least one switching element has failed based on a first voltage that is a voltage between opposite ends of the first capacitor and a second voltage that is a voltage between opposite ends of the second capacitor.

Abstract: A method and system for diagnosing a communication channel state in an in-vehicle network includes requesting information on devices connected to a controller, receiving the information on the connected devices from the controller, requesting channel state diagnostics for a channel to which, among the devices connected to the controller, a diagnostics target device is connected, and receiving channel state diagnostics result from the controller, where the channel state diagnostics result includes diagnostic results of some of the devices connected to the controller.

Abstract: A motor-driving apparatus for driving a motor having a plurality of windings respectively corresponding to a plurality of phases is provided. The motor-driving apparatus includes a first inverter having a plurality of first switching devices and connected to first ends of the plurality of windings and a second inverter having a plurality of second switching devices and connected to second ends of the plurality of windings. A third switching device is configured to selectively connect and disconnect points at which a number of turns of each of the windings is divided in a preset ratio. A controller is configured to adjust an on/off state of the first to third switching devices based on required output of the motor.

Abstract: An embodiment ceria-alumina support (CeO2—Al2O3 support) includes a nano-ceria having a shape of a polygonal bipyramid or a truncated polygonal bipyramid supported on alumina. An embodiment noble metal catalyst for treating exhaust gas includes a noble metal deposited on a ceria-alumina support (CeO2—Al2O3 support) that includes a nano-ceria having a shape of a polygonal bipyramid or a truncated polygonal bipyramid supported on alumina. An embodiment method for affecting resistance to sulfur-poisoning of a noble metal catalyst through structural transformation of nano-ceria supported on alumina includes performing a hydrothermal treatment of ceria supported on ?-alumina.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed herein for detecting impurities of harvested plants in a receptacle of a harvester. In an embodiment, a harvester controller receives, from a camera facing the contents of the receptacle, an image of the contents. The harvester controller applies the image as input to a machine learning model. The harvester controller receives, as output from the machine learning model, an identification of an impurity of the harvested plants. The harvester controller transmits a control signal based on the impurity.

Abstract: An embodiment ceria-alumina support (CeO2—Al2O3 support) includes a nano-ceria having a shape of a polygonal bipyramid or a truncated polygonal bipyramid supported on alumina. An embodiment noble metal catalyst for treating exhaust gas includes a noble metal deposited on a ceria-alumina support (CeO2—Al2O3 support) that includes a nano-ceria having a shape of a polygonal bipyramid or a truncated polygonal bipyramid supported on alumina. An embodiment method for affecting resistance to sulfur-poisoning of a noble metal catalyst through structural transformation of nano-ceria supported on alumina includes performing a hydrothermal treatment of ceria supported on ?-alumina.

Abstract: A motor-driving apparatus for driving a motor having a plurality of windings respectively corresponding to a plurality of phases is provided. The motor-driving apparatus includes a first inverter having a plurality of first switching devices and connected to first ends of the plurality of windings and a second inverter having a plurality of second switching devices and connected to second ends of the plurality of windings. A third switching device is configured to selectively connect and disconnect points at which a number of turns of each of the windings is divided in a preset ratio. A controller is configured to adjust an on/off state of the first to third switching devices based on required output of the motor.

Abstract: A communication error diagnosis apparatus for a vehicle, a system including the same and a method thereof may provide a communication error diagnosis apparatus including: a processor configured to transmit a request message including diagnostic identifiers for diagnosing a plurality of controllers that perform vehicle functions and sequence identifiers of the controllers to the controllers depending on a sequence to receive response messages, and configured to analyze vehicle communication errors based on the response messages received from the controllers; and a storage configured to store data and algorithms driven by the processor.

Abstract: A motor-driving apparatus for driving a motor having a plurality of windings respectively corresponding to a plurality of phases is provided. The motor-driving apparatus includes a first inverter having a plurality of first switching devices and connected to first ends of the plurality of windings and a second inverter having a plurality of second switching devices and connected to second ends of the plurality of windings. A third switching device is configured to selectively connect and disconnect points at which a number of turns of each of the windings is divided in a preset ratio. A controller is configured to adjust an on/off state of the first to third switching devices based on required output of the motor.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed herein for optimizing harvester yield. In an embodiment, a controller receives a pre-harvest image from a front-facing camera of a harvester. The controller inputs the pre-harvest image into a model, and receives as output from the model a predicted harvest yield. The controller receives, from an interior camera of the harvester, a post-harvest image including the plants as harvested. The controller inputs the post-harvest image into a second model and receives, as output, an actual harvest yield of the plants as-harvested. The controller determines that the predicted harvest yield does not match the actual harvest yield, and outputs a control signal.

Abstract: A motor-driving apparatus for driving a motor having a plurality of windings respectively corresponding to a plurality of phases is provided. The motor-driving apparatus includes a first inverter having a plurality of first switching devices and connected to first ends of the plurality of windings and a second inverter having a plurality of second switching devices and connected to second ends of the plurality of windings. A third switching device is configured to selectively connect and disconnect points at which a number of turns of each of the windings is divided in a preset ratio. A controller is configured to adjust an on/off state of the first to third switching devices based on required output of the motor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hard film having improved wear resistance and improved toughness. A hard film according to the present invention is formed by using a PVD method on a surface of a base material, wherein: the hard film includes a first hard layer and a second hard layer; the first hard layer has a thickness of approximately 0.1-3.0 ?m and is composed of Ti1-aAlaN (0.3?a?0.7), and has a single phase structure; and the second hard layer has a thickness of approximately 0.5-10 ?m and is composed of Ti1-a-bAlaMebN (0.3?a?0.7, 0?b?0.05, the Me being at least one selected from V, Zr, Si, Nb, Cr, Mo, Hf, Ta and W); according to an XRD phase analysis method, a ratio ([200]/[111]) of the intensity of a [200] peak to the intensity of a [111] peak is approximately 1.5 or higher; the second hard layer preferentially grows in a [200] direction; the [200] peak is located at approximately 42.7°-44.6° and is composed of three phases, and the [111] peak is located at approximately 37.0°-38.

Abstract: A catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides, and the catalyst for removing the nitrogen oxides includes a first catalyst having a component including Pt, Ba, and Ce supported on a first support, and a second catalyst physically mixed with the first catalyst and having a component including Cu and Ce supported on a second support.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an in-vehicle communication device and a time synchronization method thereof. The in-vehicle communication device includes a clock generator for generating a clock signal, a local counter for counting the number of pulses of the clock signal, a transceiver for receiving a message via an in-vehicle communication network, and a processor that determines whether the message received via the transceiver is a synchronization message, extracts synchronization time information from the synchronization message, and adjusts a count value of the local counter based on the synchronization time information to perform time synchronization.