Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods and systems for generating sugars from biomass. The methods and systems provide increased yields of carbohydrates and fermentable sugars by combining enzyme recycling with removal of saccharification enzyme inhibitors and increased solids loading.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods and systems for generating sugars from biomass. The methods and systems provide increased yields of carbohydrates and fermentable sugars by combining enzyme recycling with removal of saccharification enzyme inhibitors and increased solids loading.

Abstract: A method for the pretreatment of biomass solids includes hydrating the biomass solids to form a biomass slurry, shear treating the biomass solids, and hydrolyzing the biomass solids in the presence of reactive enzymes in a pressure hydrolysis zone. Shear treatment of the biomass solids reduces the particle size of the biomass solids, modifies the particle or slurry morphology, and/or ruptures the cell walls of the biomass solids. The pressure hydrolysis zone includes a high-shear, high-pressure, low-temperature heat exchange and reaction zone and a low-pressure, low-temperature polishing zone. Sugars formed from the biomass solids treated in accordance with the methods described above may be used to produce various biofuels.

Abstract: The invention is a process for epoxidizing an olefin with hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of an alkanoic acid and a catalyst comprising a noble metal and a titanium zeolite, wherein the catalyst has not been reduced prior to epoxidation. This process surprisingly gives significantly improved productivity and reduced formation of unwanted propane compared to processes that do not use the alkanoic acid modifier.

Abstract: An attrition-resistant catalyst is prepared contacting a spray dried zeolite with a modifying agent. The modifying agent is (i) a halogen-free compound hydrolyzable to an oxide selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, niobia, and mixtures thereof; or (ii) a sol selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, niobia, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The invention is a catalyst comprising a titanium or vanadium zeolite, a binder, and zinc oxide, wherein the catalyst is preparing an aqueous mixture of the zeolite, a binder source, and a zinc oxide source, and subjecting the mixture to rapid drying. The catalyst is useful in olefin epoxidation.

Abstract: Large crystals of titanium silicalite or intergrowths of intergrown smaller crystals, having a mean particle size greater than 2 ?m, have been found catalytically effective at commercially reasonable rates for the epoxidation of olefins in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Crystals synthesized with a silica source having a low sodium content exhibit high levels of production and selectivity. The crystals have a low attrition rate and are easily filterable from a product stream.

Abstract: In a propylene oxide process wherein propylene is oxidized in a reaction mixture comprised of a solid catalyst slurried in a solvent and wherein propane and propylene are separated by distillation in a C3 splitter, the improvement of removing exothermic heat of reaction by indirect heat exchange with propane, separating the heated propane into a liquid and a vapor fraction and heating the C3 splitter distillation with the said propane vapor.

Abstract: The invention is a catalyst comprising a titanium or vanadium zeolite, a binder, and zinc oxide, wherein the catalyst is preparing an aqueous mixture of the zeolite, a binder source, and a zinc oxide source, and subjecting the mixture to rapid drying. The catalyst is useful in olefin epoxidation.

Abstract: The invention is a catalyst comprising a titanium or vanadium zeolite, a binder, and zinc oxide, wherein the catalyst is preparing an aqueous mixture of the zeolite, a binder source, and a zinc oxide source, and subjecting the mixture to rapid drying. The catalyst is useful in olefin epoxidation.

Abstract: A process is provided for the production of a noble metal on TS-1 catalyst useful for the production of propylene oxide wherein TS-1 from hydrothermal crystallization has noble metal dispersed thereon, the resulting material is spray dried and template used in the crystallization is removed, the resulting product is treated with hydrogen to form active catalyst for propylene oxide production.

Abstract: A TS-1 catalyst suitable for the production of oxirane compounds is prepared by subjecting conventionally formed TS-1 to a size reduction treatment such as milling such that the average particle size weighted by volume of the TS-1 is reduced to less than 10 microns in diameter and the size reduced TS-1 is spray dried.

Abstract: The invention is a catalyst comprising a titanium or vanadium zeolite, a binder, and zinc oxide, wherein the catalyst is preparing an aqueous mixture of the zeolite, a binder source, and a zinc oxide source, and subjecting the mixture to rapid drying. The catalyst is useful in olefin epoxidation.

Abstract: A process is provided for the production of a noble metal on TS-1 catalyst useful for the production of propylene oxide wherein TS-1 from hydrothermal crystallization has noble metal dispersed thereon, the resulting material is spray dried and template used in the crystallization is removed, the resulting product is treated with hydrogen to form active catalyst for propylene oxide production.

Abstract: Titanium or vanadium zeolites are heated at a temperature greater than 400° C., then contacted with water prior to use in olefin epoxidation with hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract: Large crystals of titanium silicalite or intergrowths of intergrown smaller crystals, having a mean particle size greater than 2 ?m, have been found catalytically effective at commercially reasonable rates for the epoxidation of olefins in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Crystals synthesized with a silica source having a low sodium content exhibit high levels of production and selectivity. The crystals have a low attrition rate and are easily filterable from a product stream.

Abstract: Large crystals of titanium silicalite or intergrowths of intergrown smaller crystals, having a mean particle size greater than 2 ?m, have been found catalytically effective at commercially reasonable rates for the epoxidation of olefins in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Crystals synthesized with a silica source having a low sodium content exhibit high levels of production and selectivity. The crystals have a low attrition rate and are easily filterable from a product stream.

Abstract: A TS-1 catalyst suitable for the production of oxirane compounds is prepared by subjecting conventionally formed TS-1 to a size reduction treatment such as milling such that the average particle size weighted by volume of the TS-1 is reduced to less than 10 microns in diameter and the size reduced TS-1 is spray dried.

Abstract: Large crystals of titanium silicalite or intergrowths of intergrown smaller crystals, having a mean particle size greater than 2 &mgr;m, have been found catalytically effective at commercially reasonable rates for the epoxidation of olefins in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Crystals synthesized with a silica source having a low sodium content exhibit high levels of production and selectivity. The crystals have a low attrition rate and are easily filterable from a product stream.

Abstract: Propylene oxide is produced by liquid phase reaction of propylene oxygen and hydrogen in contact with a solid epoxidation catalyst at elevated temperature and pressure, the reaction conditions being regulated to provide a weight ratio of dissolved oxygen to dissolved hydrogen in the liquid reaction mixture of at least 16.