Abstract: The present invention is a laboratory condenser adapted to be interchangeable from functioning as a reflux condenser to functioning as a distillation condenser as by inversion, and related methods of reflux and distillation that may be carried out by its use.

Abstract: The present invention is a laboratory condenser adapted to be interchangeable from functioning as a reflux condenser to functioning as a distillation condenser as by inversion, and related methods of reflux and distillation that may be carried out by its use.

Abstract: The present invention is an article or device to facilitate the heating of rounded vessels and other rounded objects comprising a flexible polymeric support having a plurality of folds so as to form the flexible polymeric support into a plurality of nested, concentric hollow cylindrical portions whose respective upper edges can be arranged and fixed into two or more configurations to accommodate at least two respective spherical section contours of respective different sizes. The present invention facilitates the heating of rounded, regularly-shaped or irregularly-shaped vessels or objects by presenting a flexible polymeric support surface. The flexible polymeric support surface is sufficiently malleable so as to be adapted for heating such objects or containers, and may be incorporated into an arrangement or system for heating such a container or object, and/or for stirring its contents, while being supported by the article or device of the present invention.

Abstract: The present invention is an article or device to facilitate the heating of rounded vessels and other rounded objects comprising a plurality of nested, concentric hollow cylinders each having respective upper edges and inner sides and adapted to be arranged and fixed in at least two configurations such that the upper edges and inner sides of the hollow cylinders form at least two bowl-shaped contours. Also included is a device for taking the impetus of a first rotating magnetic field to create the impetus of a second rotating magnetic field at some distance from the first rotating magnetic field, in order for the impetus of second magnetic field to stir the contents of a vessel by means of a magnet placed in the vessel.

Abstract: The present invention is an article or device to facilitate the heating of rounded vessels and other rounded objects comprising a flexible polymeric support comprising a plurality of nested, concentric hollow cylindrical portions each having respective upper edges and adapted to be arranged and fixed in at least two configurations such that the upper edges of the concentric hollow cylindrical portions accommodate at least two respective bowl-shaped contours. The present invention also includes a device to facilitate the heating of rounded vessels or objects, or regularly-shaped or irregularly-shaped objects and containers comprising a container presenting a flexible polymeric support surface, the container containing a malleable material, such that said flexible polymeric support surface is sufficiently malleable so as to be adapted for the heating such objects or containers.

Abstract: One embodiment includes combining lignin, cyclic alkene carbonate, and a basic/alkaline compound and allowing the cyclic alkene carbonate and the basic/alkaline compound to modify the lignin to produce a hydroxyalkoxylated lignin. The cyclic alkene carbonate can act as a hydroxyalkoxylating reagent and the basic/alkaline compound can act as a catalyst.

Abstract: A method for producing an APL is provided in one example embodiment and includes mixing a solvent, a catalyst, a reagent, and a HPL to create a solution, raising the temperature of the solution to a first reaction temperature, raising the temperature of the solution to a second reaction temperature, allowing reactions in the solution to occur for a predetermined amount of time, precipitating the solution to produce a precipitate, and washing, filtering, and drying the precipitate to produce the APL.

Abstract: In one example implementation, a trans-esterified APL can include an APL and a polyester including polyester chains. The polyester may be an aliphatic polyester, a semi-aromatic polyester, or an aromatic polyester. In other examples, an acetate ester of the APL can be used to swap carboxylic acid groups with the alcohol oligomer units in the polyester chains.