Abstract: A measuring device for non-mechanical-contact measurement of a layer, the measuring device including a light source operative to generate a pulse adapted to interact with the layer so as to generate a thermal wave in a gas medium present adjacent the layer. The thermal wave causes an acoustic signal to be generated. The measuring device further includes a detector adapted to detect a first signal responsive to the acoustic signal, the detector not being in mechanical contact with the layer. The first signal is representative of the measured layer.

Abstract: A measuring device for non-mechanical-contact measurement of a layer, the measuring device including a light source operative to generate a pulse adapted to interact with the layer so as to generate a thermal wave in a gas medium present adjacent the layer. The thermal wave causes an acoustic signal to be generated. The measuring device further includes a detector adapted to detect a first signal responsive to the acoustic signal, the detector not being in mechanical contact with the layer. The first signal is representative of the measured layer.

Abstract: A measuring device for non-mechanical-contact measurement of a layer, the measuring device including a light source operative to generate a pulse adapted to interact with the layer so as to generate a thermal wave in a gas medium present adjacent the layer. The thermal wave causes an acoustic signal to be generated. The measuring device further includes a detector adapted to detect a first signal responsive to the acoustic signal, the detector not being in mechanical contact with the layer. The first signal is representative of the measured layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for influencing the room climate which offers convenient operation at low costs with regard to procurement, installation, and ongoing operation, in order to influence the room climate in heated or air-conditioned rooms while avoiding unnecessary energy losses, and which expands the application range in the room air conditioning by means of a simple retrofitting possibility. According to the invention, the control apparatus for the room temperature is integrated into an electrical measuring and display apparatus, which is intended as a room operating apparatus for measuring, displaying, evaluating, and providing room climate values, and adjustments to the control apparatus are made by means of the room operating apparatus.

Abstract: A measuring device for non-mechanical-contact measurement of a layer, the measuring device including a light source operative to generate a pulse adapted to interact with the layer so as to generate a thermal wave in a gas medium present adjacent the layer. The thermal wave causes an acoustic signal to be generated. The measuring device further includes a detector adapted to detect a first signal responsive to the acoustic signal, the detector not being in mechanical contact with the layer. The first signal is representative of the measured layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for providing a sample for a subsequent analysis of the sample, particularly for analyzing biomolecules, comprising the following steps: generating a free micro liquid jet in an environment having a predetermined pressure, wherein the micro liquid jet contains a carrier liquid and the sample to be analyzed, and dispersing the micro liquid jet into droplets containing the sample, wherein the environment surrounding the micro liquid jet is a gaseous environment in which the pressure is above vacuum conditions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a test method, especially for mass spectroscopy of biomolecules, including the following steps: one or several samples (2-4) that are to be analyzed are introduced into a carrier liquid of a micro liquid jet (1) in rapid succession; at least some of the samples (2-4) are desorbed from the micro liquid jet (1); and the sample (2-4) that is desorbed from the micro liquid jet (1) is analyzed. According to the invention, the sample (2-4) is spatially delimited in the spraying direction in the micro liquid jet (1) while extending only along a subarea of the micro liquid jet (1) in the spraying direction.

Abstract: Methods for the plasma-based generation of X-radiation are described with the steps: provision of a target material (50) in the form of a free flow structural formation (51) in a vacuum chamber (20), and irradiation of the target material (50) in order to produce a plasma condition in which the X-radiation is radiated therefrom, the flow structural formation (51) being formed in such a way that the target material has, at least at the location of the irradiation, a surface (52) with a local curvature minimum. Devices for the imple mentation of the methods and, in particular, X-ray sources for the plasma-based generation of X-radiation are also described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for providing a sample for a subsequent analysis of the sample, particularly for analyzing biomolecules, comprising the following steps: generating a free micro liquid jet in an environment having a predetermined pressure, wherein the micro liquid jet contains a carrier liquid and the sample to be analyzed, and dispersing the micro liquid jet into droplets containing the sample, wherein the environment surrounding the micro liquid jet is a gaseous environment in which the pressure is above vacuum conditions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a test method, especially for mass spectroscopy of biomolecules, including the following steps: one or several samples (2-4) that are to be analyzed are introduced into a carrier liquid of a micro liquid jet (1) in rapid succession; at least some of the samples (2-4) are desorbed from the micro liquid jet (1); and the sample (2-4) that is desorbed from the micro liquid jet (1) is analyzed. According to the invention, the sample (2-4) is spatially delimited in the spraying direction in the micro liquid jet (1) while extending only along a subarea of the micro liquid jet (1) in the spraying direction.

Abstract: The invention relates to a nozzle assembly (1) for dispensing a fluid, especially for injecting the fluid into a vacuum chamber. The nozzle assembly (1) includes a nozzle body (2) with a continuous nozzle duct (9) and a nozzle port (10) that is embodied at the discharge end and is used for discharging the fluid, and a feeding capillary tube (8) which extends co-axially in relation to the nozzle duct (9) and is used for delivering the fluid to be injected. The feeding capillary tube (8) extends into the nozzle duct (9) of the nozzle body (2) in the direction of flow in order to reduce the dead volume.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for producing a solid filament from a liquid in a vacuum chamber, comprising the following steps: a gas is liquefied in a heat exchanger apparatus to produce the liquid; and the liquid is delivered into the vacuum chamber via a supply duct and through a nozzle. Liquefying of the gas in the heat exchanger apparatus encompasses adjusting a p-T operating point of the liquid at which the liquid is transformed into the solid aggregate state and forms a collimated and stable jet after being discharged from the nozzle into the vacuum chamber. Also disclosed are nozzle arrangements for producing solid filaments in a vacuum.

Abstract: The invention relates to a nozzle arrangement (1), in particular for the injection of a fluid into a vacuum chamber, with a nozzle channel with a predetermined internal contour, whereby the nozzle channel leads into an exit opening. It is proposed that the internal contour of the nozzle channel be shaped concavely at least in part.

Abstract: The invention relates to a rocker arm (1) of a valve train of an internal combustion engine. This rocker arm (1) comprises two longitudinally extending side walls (2, 3) which enclose an intermediate space (16) while being connected to each other by a crossbeam (4) to form a U-shaped cross-section. According to the invention, a separate channel (24) for the transport of lubricant is created on a top surface (22) of the crossbeam (4). This channel (24) starts from an abutment (9) for an end of a push rod on the undersurface (8) of the crossbeam (4) and leads to a support (12) for an end of a gas exchange valve in the region of a second end (11) of the crossbeam (4).