Abstract: An embodiment hydrogen direct injection system for an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle includes a fuel line and a fuel injector configured to inject hydrogen fuel into a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, wherein the fuel injector is configured to receive the hydrogen fuel via the fuel line and to receive water via the fuel line, and wherein the water is configured to lubricate the fuel injector.

Abstract: An embodiment hydrogen direct injection system for an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle includes a fuel line and a fuel injector configured to inject hydrogen fuel into a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, wherein the fuel injector is configured to receive the hydrogen fuel via the fuel line and to receive water via the fuel line, and wherein the water is configured to lubricate the fuel injector.

Abstract: An embodiment system for lubricating a hydrogen injector in a vehicle includes an extraction and separation device configured to collect at least a fraction of an exhaust gas of a hydrogen combustion engine and separate a water component from the collected fraction of the exhaust gas to provide liquid water and dried exhaust gas and a reactor connected to the extraction and separation device and configured to generate nitric acid from the liquid water and a nitrogen oxide content of the dried exhaust gas, wherein the hydrogen injector is connected to the reactor and configured to receive the generated nitric acid for lubrication.

Abstract: An embodiment system for lubricating a hydrogen injector in a vehicle includes an extraction and separation device configured to collect at least a fraction of an exhaust gas of a hydrogen combustion engine and separate a water component from the collected fraction of the exhaust gas to provide liquid water and dried exhaust gas and a reactor connected to the extraction and separation device and configured to generate nitric acid from the liquid water and a nitrogen oxide content of the dried exhaust gas, wherein the hydrogen injector is connected to the reactor and configured to receive the generated nitric acid for lubrication.

Abstract: A device for detecting a geometry of a drop arranged on a sample surface includes a metering apparatus comprising a liquid reservoir and an outlet opening and a plurality of light sources configured to direct light onto a surface of the drop of liquid. A camera is configured to detect a reflection of the light from the surface of the drop of liquid. The device includes a housing including a recess that forms a cavity that is configured to be separated from external surroundings when the housing is arranged on the sample surface. The plurality of light sources are arranged in the cavity and cover a solid angle of at least ?/2 sr when viewed from a point on the sample surface. At least a portion of the metering apparatus is positioned inside the cavity.

Abstract: A method for analyzing an interaction between a sample surface and a drop of liquid comprises applying the drop of liquid to the sample surface and illuminating the drop of liquid using at least two light sources. The at least two light sources are each arranged at a light source position surrounding the drop of liquid. Light reflected from the drop of liquid detecting and a sensor position on a sensor of a camera is determined for each detected light reflection. Light source positions are assigned to individual light source positions. A position of the drop of liquid is calculated relative to the sensor and an item of size information of the drop of liquid is determined. The position and the item of size information are calculated from the pairs of one sensor position and one associated light source position.

Abstract: A method for analyzing an interaction between a sample surface and a drop of liquid comprises applying the drop of liquid to the sample surface and illuminating the drop of liquid using at least two light sources. The at least two light sources are each arranged at a light source position surrounding the drop of liquid. Light reflected from the drop of liquid detecting and a sensor position on a sensor of a camera is determined for each detected light reflection. Light source positions are assigned to individual light source positions. A position of the drop of liquid is calculated relative to the sensor and an item of size information of the drop of liquid is determined. The position and the item of size information are calculated from the pairs of one sensor position and one associated light source position.

Abstract: A voltage supply system for supplying an electric consumer with an electric target voltage and an electric target energy, with a plurality of automotive traction battery modules. Each automotive traction battery module has an electric actual voltage and an electric actual energy. The automotive traction battery modules are interconnected dependent on the electric target voltage, the electric actual voltage, the electric target energy, and the electric actual energy in series connections and/or in a parallel connection to form at least one traction battery module group.

Abstract: A voltage supply system for supplying an electric consumer with an electric target voltage and an electric target energy, with a plurality of automotive traction battery modules. Each automotive traction battery module has an electric actual voltage and an electric actual energy. The automotive traction battery modules are interconnected dependent on the electric target voltage, the electric actual voltage, the electric target energy, and the electric actual energy in series connections and/or in a parallel connection to form at least one traction battery module group.

Abstract: A contact angle measurement apparatus includes a liquid reservoir arrangement, a drop dosing device in fluid communication with the liquid reservoir arrangement and adapted for applying a liquid drop onto a sample surface, an illuminating device for illuminating each drop applied by the drop dosing device and disposed on the surface from a first side, and an image recording device for recording an image of each applied drop disposed on the surface. A liquid pressurizing system is adapted to pressurize liquid from the liquid reservoir arrangement, and a controller connected to the valve of each drop dosing device and to the liquid pressurizing system, which controls the operation of the liquid pressurizing system and, for each drop dosing device, opening and closing of the respective valve to apply a drop of the respective liquid from the respective liquid line to the surface in a jet of pressurized liquid.

Abstract: Gaseous perfluorocarbons in a waste gas are adsorbed by an adsorption device. Subsequently a decomposition of the perfluorocarbons takes place with formation of hydrogen fluoride. The hydrogen fluoride is converted with an oxide of a metal to be reduced, to the metal fluoride thereof. The metal fluoride formed is then fed again to the reduction process.

Abstract: A sensor is provided for measuring the concentration of a fluorocarbon in the offgas during molten salt electrolysis of metal compounds. The measurement takes place at time intervals of less than 10 seconds and a controller initiates reduction in an electrolysis voltage if a fluorocarbon limit value of 25 ppm is exceeded.

Abstract: A method for synthesising a rare earth element by a redox reaction. The starting material side of the reaction for synthesising the rare earth element includes a rare earth compound, in which the rare earth element is present in a positive oxidation state, and hydrogen. The redox reaction takes place in two stages. First, a hydration reaction takes place between an elementary rare earth element and hydrogen to form a rare earth hydride. Then, a reaction takes place between the rare earth compound and the rare earth hydride. An elementary rare earth element and a hydrogen-containing compound are produced at the same time as the product of the reaction.

Abstract: Between an anode and a cathode, a salt melt containing a metal ion is separated from the anode by a gap across which an electric arc can be formed. The metal ion is deposited on the anode and subsequently removed.

Abstract: A contact angle measurement apparatus includes a liquid reservoir arrangement, a drop dosing device in fluid communication with the liquid reservoir arrangement and adapted for applying a liquid drop onto a sample surface, an illuminating device for illuminating each drop applied by the drop dosing device and disposed on the surface from a first side, and an image recording device for recording an image of each applied drop disposed on the surface. A liquid pressurizing system is adapted to pressurize liquid from the liquid reservoir arrangement, and a controller connected to the valve of each drop dosing device and to the liquid pressurizing system, which controls the operation of the liquid pressurizing system and, for each drop dosing device, opening and closing of the respective valve to apply a drop of the respective liquid from the respective liquid line to the surface in a jet of pressurized liquid.

Abstract: A drop on a sample surface in a gaseous environment has a curved surface with a symmetry axis and a defined volume. To determine the contact angle, an object is imaged based on the reflection property of the surface of the drop, the position of the object with respect to the optical axis of an optical measuring system and the position of the object with respect to the sample surface, with the symmetry axis of the drop being arranged in or in the vicinity of the optical axis. The distance between the image and the optical axis of the drop is measured. The radius of curvature of the drop is determined based on the measured distance, and the contact angle is determined from the radius of curvature.

Abstract: A drop on a sample surface in a gaseous environment has a curved surface with a symmetry axis and a defined volume. To determine the contact angle, an object is imaged based on the reflection property of the surface of the drop, the position of the object with respect to the optical axis of an optical measuring system and the position of the object with respect to the sample surface, with the symmetry axis of the drop being arranged in or in the vicinity of the optical axis. The distance between the image and the optical axis of the drop is measured. The radius of curvature of the drop is determined based on the measured distance, and the contact angle is determined from the radius of curvature.

Abstract: In the field of electronic reproduction technology, an apparatus for clamping and holding a printing plate on the surface of an exposure drum in a printing plate exposer includes a clamping apparatus for the front edge of the printing plate. The clamping apparatus has actuating elements that are accommodated in the interior of the exposure drum. Only the clamping bars that clamp the printing plate fixedly protrude slightly beyond the drum surface. Terminating elements are provided for holding the rear edge of the printing plate, which terminating elements can be displaced in the suction grooves of the drum surface and primarily restrict the vacuum that draws the printing plate onto the drum surface to the surface below the printing plate. Additionally, the terminating elements are provided with a roof element that protrudes beyond the rear edge of the printing plate and, thus, encloses the rear edge in the gap between the roof element and the exposure drum without, however, clamping it fixedly.

Abstract: A multi-way radiation monitoring and detection system is capable of detecting a radiation source on or within traffic that can travel within M adjacent traffic ways, where M is an integer equal to or greater than a value of 2. The radiation detection system comprises a set of (M+1) radiation detector assemblies with individual radiation detector assemblies of the set of (M+1) radiation detector assemblies respectively positioned at each of two sides of each of the M adjacent traffic ways. A set of M controllers is included and each controller is associated with a respective traffic way of the M adjacent traffic ways. Each controller is coupled to the respective individual radiation detector assemblies positioned at the two sides of the traffic way to which that controller is associated, such that two controllers associated with two adjacent traffic ways couple to the individual radiation detector assembly positioned between those two adjacent traffic ways.

Abstract: A multi-way radiation monitoring and detection system is capable of detecting a radiation source on or within traffic that can travel within M adjacent traffic ways, where M is an integer equal to or greater than a value of 2. The radiation detection system comprises a set of (M+1) radiation detector assemblies with individual radiation detector assemblies of the set of (M+1) radiation detector assemblies respectively positioned at each of two sides of each of the M adjacent traffic ways. A set of M controllers is included and each controller is associated with a respective traffic way of the M adjacent traffic ways. Each controller is coupled to the respective individual radiation detector assemblies positioned at the two sides of the traffic way to which that controller is associated, such that two controllers associated with two adjacent traffic ways couple to the individual radiation detector assembly positioned between those two adjacent traffic ways.