Abstract: A micromechanical transmission measuring cell serves to determine an optical absorption of a sample fluid or as a reactor for carrying out an optically detectable chemical reaction. The micromechanical transmission measuring cell comprises a receptacle (12) used for holding the sample fluid, a light passage opening (30) for introducing the light into the receptacle (12), and a reflector (26) directing the light relative to the receptacle (12) in such a way that most of said light (24) passes through said receptacle (12) without multiple reflections on a wall of said receptacle (12), and that the optical absorption of the sample fluid is detectable on the basis of the light passing through said receptacle without multiple reflections.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for monitoring thermal processing of a workpiece using a sensor electrode which can be positioned relative to the workpiece and to which an alternating electric signal is applied in order to determine a measured capacitance (C.sub.meas) present between the sensor electrode and workpiece by evaluating a change in the alternating signal as a consequence of the measured capacitance (C.sub.meas). A measured capacitance frequency distribution is formed from a number of determined measured capacitances (C.sub.meas). The measured distribution is compared with a reference distribution. If a deviation is present between the two distributions, process parameters can be appropriately readjusted. It is preferable to use a laser beam for processing the workpiece.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for measuring impulse periods, faults locations and attenuations in cables and light wave conductors. The object is to provide a particularly simple method which can be realized with little expense. The solution basically consists in the fact that each measuring impulse releases a saw-tooth generator, that the time value of the voltage delivered from the saw-tooth generator is compared with an adjustable direct current voltage and serves to open a gate circuit at specific times, that the reflected impulse is compared by a second comparator with a second direct current voltage and that the thus separated signals are led to the gate circuit and displayed by an indicator. The invention will primarily be used in locating faults in light wave conductors under difficult conditions on the construction site.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for measuring impulse periods, faults locations and attenuations in cables and light wave conductors. The object is to provide a particularly simple method which can be realized with little expense. The solution basically consists in the fact that each measuring impulse releases a saw-tooth generator, that the time value of the voltage delivered from the saw-tooth generator is compared with an adjustable direct current voltage and serves to open a gate circuit at specific times, that the reflected impulse is compared by a second comparator with a second direct current voltage and that the thus separated signals are led to the gate circuit and displayed by an indicator. The invention will primarily be used in locating faults in light wave conductors under difficult conditions on the construction site.