Abstract: The valve for pressure compensation and/or for emergency venting of a container, preferably of a housing of a vehicle battery, has a housing (6) with an inlet (6a) that is closable by at least one valve element (23) subjected to a closing force in a first position. The housing (6) is at least partially gas-permeable and preferably water-tight, and has at least one outlet (26) which is located behind the valve element (23) when the valve element (23) assumes its first position. So that in case of a malfunction even larger quantities of gas can be guided to the exterior through the valve, is the valve element for an increased pressure surpassing the closing force at the inlet (6a) is adjustable in the direction toward a second position against the closing force, in which the valve element (23) at least partially opens the outlet (26) such that the outlet (26) is directly connected in flow communication with the inlet (6a).

Abstract: A modular switch apparatus for controlling at least one electric drive includes a mounting rail bus system having a control line and two power supply lines, a power supply device, and a safety relay module that is configured to obtain a first, high level control signal from a DC supply voltage applied to the two power supply lines and to feed the first control signal to the control line via the first bus interface if the emergency stop command device has not been actuated. Furthermore, at least one safety motor starter module is provided, which includes a processing device with an input that can be electrically connected to the control line via a bus interface. The processing device is adapted to evaluate a first, high level control signal as transferred via the control line and to provide control signals for controlling the at least two switch devices.

Abstract: A modular switch apparatus for controlling at least one electric drive includes a mounting rail bus system having a control line and two power supply lines, a power supply device, and a safety relay module that is configured to obtain a first, high level control signal from a DC supply voltage applied to the two power supply lines and to feed the first control signal to the control line via the first bus interface if the emergency stop command device has not been actuated. Furthermore, at least one safety motor starter module is provided, which includes a processing device with an input that can be electrically connected to the control line via a bus interface. The processing device is adapted to evaluate a first, high level control signal as transferred via the control line and to provide control signals for controlling the at least two switch devices.

Abstract: A switching apparatus for safely disconnecting an electrical load from a power supply network and to facilitate safe disconnection in the event of failure of a supply voltage thereof, includes an energy storage device which, in the event of failure of the supply voltage of a control unit, provides the energy for generating switching signals for a first electromechanical switch, a second electromechanical switch and a semiconductor switch. In order to be able to detect the failure of the supply voltage, a detector and signaling device is provided which is configured to detect discharging of the energy storage device and to supply a notification signal to the control unit signaling the discharging of the energy storage device to the control unit. In response to the notification signal, the control unit causes the electrical load to be disconnected from the power supply network in a safe and terminal-friendly manner.

Abstract: The valve for pressure compensation and/or for emergency venting of a container, preferably of a housing of a vehicle battery, has a housing (6) with an inlet (6a) that is closable by at least one valve element (23) subjected to a closing force in a first position. The housing (6) is at least partially gas-permeable and preferably water-tight, and has at least one outlet (26) which is located behind the valve element (23) when the valve element (23) assumes its first position. So that in case of a malfunction even larger quantities of gas can be guided to the exterior through the valve, is the valve element for an increased pressure surpassing the closing force at the inlet (6a) is adjustable in the direction toward a second position against the closing force, in which the valve element (23) at least partially opens the outlet (26) such that the outlet (26) is directly connected in flow communication with the inlet (6a).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for controlling an electrical or electronic switching element that can be activated by an electrical signal, wherein a PWM signal can be produced by a PWM module for controlling the switching element and which can be modulated as a function of the supply voltage and/or of an ambient temperature on the electromechanical or electronic switch.

Abstract: A switching device for switching an electrical load on or off has an internal energy store which, when the supply voltage is switched off, may deliver the excitation energy, necessary for controlling electromechanical switches, directly to at least one of the electromechanical switches for a predetermined time period. For this purpose, a control unit appropriately controls at least two switching units. The switching units are each part of an energy flow limiting device, in particular an optocoupler, in order to achieve a sufficiently high separation, in terms of energy, between a first terminal and a second terminal. The switching device also has an input stage that may provide a digital control signal for the control unit, which signals the application or the non-application of a supply voltage.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for controlling an electrical or electronic switching element that can be activated by an electrical signal, wherein a PWM signal can be produced by a PWM module for controlling the switching element and which can be modulated as a function of the supply voltage and/or of an ambient temperature on the electromechanical or electronic switch.

Abstract: An apparatus for short-circuit protection of a three-phase load in a three-phase system includes an input for connection of the apparatus to a three-phase network, an output for connection of the three-phase load to the apparatus, a means for producing an auxiliary short circuit in the three-phase network by ignition of the means, a means for identifying a short circuit at the three-phase load, and a means for generating an ignition pulse upon identification of the short circuit. The means for producing the auxiliary short circuit and the means for identifying the short circuit are provided in the current path between the input and the output. The means for producing the auxiliary short circuit is ignitable by the ignition pulse. The means for generating the ignition pulse is formed so that the ignition pulse can be generated by a short-circuit current established by the means for identifying the short circuit.

Abstract: The invention relates to an automatic circuit breaker (2) for protecting a phase (4, 5, 6), having an input terminal (7), an output terminal (8), a current path (12), which electrically conductively connects the input terminal (7) and the output terminal (8), a disconnection apparatus (13), which is arranged in the current path (12) and is configured to interrupt the current path when actuated, a discharge terminal (9), a discharge path (15), which is connected at one end thereof to the current path (12) between the disconnection apparatus (13) and the output terminal (8) and is connected at the other end thereof to the discharge terminal (9), a connection apparatus (16), which is arranged in the discharge path (15) and is configured to connect through the discharge path when actuated, and a monitoring device (14), which is configured to monitor the current in the current path (12) and, when an overcurrent is identified, to actuate the disconnection apparatus (13) and the connection apparatus (16), wherein th

Abstract: An apparatus for short-circuit protection of a three-phase load in a three-phase system includes an input for connection of the apparatus to a three-phase network, an output for connection of the three-phase load to the apparatus, a means for producing an auxiliary short circuit in the three-phase network by ignition of the means, a means for identifying a short circuit at the three-phase load, and a means for generating an ignition pulse upon identification of the short circuit. The means for producing the auxiliary short circuit and the means for identifying the short circuit are provided in the current path between the input and the output. The means for producing the auxiliary short circuit is ignitable by the ignition pulse. The means for generating the ignition pulse is formed so that the ignition pulse can be generated by a short-circuit current established by the means for identifying the short circuit.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of aqueous guanidinium formiate solutions, optionally combined with urea and/or ammonia and/or ammonium salts, for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides using ammonia in exhaust gases of vehicles. The inventive guanidinium formiate solutions enable a reduction of the nitrogen oxides by approximately 90%. Furthermore, said guanidinium formiate solutions can enable an increase in the ammonia forming potential from 0.2 kg, corresponding to prior art, up to 0.4 kg ammonia per liter of guanidinium formiate, along with freezing resistance (freezing point below ?25° C.). The risk of corrosion of the inventive guanidinium formiate solutions is also significantly reduced compared to that of solutions containing ammonium formiate.

Abstract: A device (10) for the detection of current asymmetries in three-phase circuits (L1, L2, L3) is provided. This device (10) has a first current measuring mechanism (S1) for the measurement of first phase (L1) and a second current measuring mechanism (S3) for the measurement of a second phase (L3). Furthermore, the device has a computing unit (ALU) which determines a current symmetry value (N2, 3; N1, 2) of the third phase (L2) relative to the first phase (L1) or second phase (L3) from the measured first phase and from the measured second phase. Moreover, an associated method is also provided.

Abstract: A device (10) for the detection of current asymmetries in three-phase circuits (L1, L2, L3) is provided. This device (10) has a first current measuring mechanism (S1) for the measurement of a first phase (L1) and a second current measuring mechanism (S3) for the measurement of a second phase (L3). Furthermore, the device has a computing unit (ALU) which determines a current symmetry value (N2, 3; N1, 2) of the third phase (L2) relative to the first phase (L1) or second phase (L3) from the measured first phase and from the measured second phase. Moreover, an associated method is also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides using ammonia in exhaust gases of vehicles, whereby solutions of guanidine salts with an ammonia forming potential of between 40 and 850 g/kg, optionally in combination with urea and/or ammonia and/or ammonium salts, are catalytically decomposed in the presence of catalytically active, non-oxidation-active coatings of oxides selected from the group containing titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide or the mixtures thereof, and hydrothermally stable zeolites which are fully or partially metal-exchanged. The guanidine salts according to the invention enable a reduction of the nitrogen oxides by approximately 90%. Furthermore, said guanidine salts can enable an increase in the ammonia forming potential from 0.2 kg, corresponding to prior art, up to 0.4 kg ammonia per litre of guanidine salt, along with freezing resistance (freezing point below ?25° C.).

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of aqueous guanidinium formiate solutions, optionally combined with urea and/or ammonia and/or ammonium salts, for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides using ammonia in exhaust gases of vehicles. The inventive guanidinium formiate solutions enable a reduction of the nitrogen oxides by approximately 90%. Furthermore, said guanidinium formiate solutions can enable an increase in the ammonia forming potential from 0.2 kg, corresponding to prior art, up to 0.4 kg ammonia per litre of guanidinium formiate, along with freezing resistance (freezing point below ?25° C.). The risk of corrosion of the inventive guanidinium formiate solutions is also significantly reduced compared to that of solutions containing ammonium formiate.

Abstract: By taking into consideration tool-specific distortion signatures and reticle-specific placement characteristics in an alignment control system, the control quality of sophisticated APC strategies may be significantly enhanced. Respective correction data may be established on the basis of any combinations of tool/reticles and layers to be aligned to each other, which may modify the respective target values of alignment parameters used for controlling the alignment process on the basis of standard overlay measurement data obtained from dedicated overlay marks.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides using ammonia in exhaust gases of vehicles, whereby solutions of guanidine salts with an ammonia forming potential of between 40 and 850 g/kg, optionally in combination with urea and/or ammonia and/or ammonium salts, are catalytically decomposed in the presence of catalytically active, non-oxidation-active coatings of oxides selected from the group containing titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide or the mixtures thereof, and hydrothermally stable zeolites which are fully or partially metal-exchanged. The guanidine salts according to the invention enable a reduction of the nitrogen oxides by approximately 90%. Furthermore, said guanidine salts can enable an increase in the ammonia forming potential from 0.2 kg, corresponding to prior art, up to 0.4 kg ammonia per litre of guanidine salt, along with freezing resistance (freezing point below ?25° C.).

Abstract: The present invention provides a technique for obtaining overlay error and PPE error information from a single measurement structure. This is accomplished by forming periodic sub-structures in at least two different device layers in a single measurement structure, wherein at least one segmented and one non-segmented portion is provided in the two different device layers.

Abstract: An enhanced technique for determination of an alignment accuracy involves an overlay target assembly which comprises at least two targets, each target having a first sub-structure of a first layer and a second sub-structure of a second layer, wherein, when the first layer and the second layer are correctly aligned, the first sub-structure and the second sub-structure of at least one of the targets are offset with respect to each other by a programmed offset and the overlay target assembly is invariant to at least one geometric transformation. If the offset vectors which describe the offset between the first sub-structure and the second sub-structure all have the same norm, the overlay error may be determined without calibration. Redundancy may be increased by providing each target with two or more programmed offsets between elements of the first sub-structure and elements of the second sub-structure.