Abstract: The invention relates to a method for surveying at least one target using a geodetic device. According to said method, a camera of the device captures a visual image and surveys an angle and/or a distance to the target with geodetic precision, the angle and/or distance surveillance being supported or controlled by the visual image. At the same time of capture of the visual image at least two distance points of a distance image are captured as the spatial distribution of discrete distance points in the area of detection. When the visual image and the distance image are correlated with each other, the target is recognized or the measuring process is controlled.

Abstract: For determining the load of an excavator bucket, or optionally of another holding region, a measurement step and an evaluation step are carried out. In the measurement step, the position of a load surface is determined by means of a noncontact distance-measuring device and, in the evaluation step, a load volume is determined from the position of the load surface and the position and shape of the excavator bucket or of the holding region. For determining the position of the load surface, at least one two-dimensional matrix with distance values is created by means of a distance-measuring camera. For determining the position of the excavator bucket, the distances to at least three points of the excavator bucket, in particular to points on the upper bucket edge, optionally to marked points are determined using the distance-measuring apparatus for determining the surface.

Abstract: Disclosed is a distance meter, particularly for telescope arrays in ground-based or space-based applications for detecting surfaces. Said distance meter comprises at least one radiation source for emitting electromagnetic radiation (ES) onto a target that is to be measured, a receiver unit with a sensor (11) for receiving the radiation (S) reflected by the target and deriving distance data, and a first spectral filter component (4) According to the invention, the angular spread of reception of the reflected radiation (S) is limited by means of at least one spatial filter component (6?), especially a fiber laser as a radiation source and receiver component.

Abstract: The aim of the invention is to determine the actual position and/or actual orientation of a measuring appliance (4b). To this end, at least two reference points (2b?) lying in a spatial segment (5?) scanned by a laser beam are detected and measured in terms of the distance thereinbetween and the inclination angle thereof. The actual position of the measuring appliance (4b) can be deduced from the known positions of said reference points (2b?) arranged in a detectable manner and the associated distances and inclination angle thereof. The detection, monitoring and measuring of the reference points is carried out by the measuring appliance (4b) in an automated manner, the measuring appliance (4b) and specifically embodied elements associated with the reference points (2b?) forming a local positioning and/or orientation measuring system.

Abstract: A reference beam generator (1) for guiding a field marker for ground markings has a support element (11) which can be positioned in a defined manner relative to the Earth's surface, a laser diode and beam guidance means for the emission of the radiation (LS) to at least one reference target (4), the radiation (LS) being emitted with an asymmetrical beam cross-section (5), in particular in the form of a fan, and the beam guidance means being adjustable in a defined manner relative to the support element (11). The radiation (LS) can be aligned with the reference target (4) by an optical detection component for detecting and providing the radiation reflected by the reference target, in particular a telescope (12).

Abstract: A laser source (2) is used in a geodesic device (1) to improve the emission of laser light in which the laser diodes (2b) emitting multimodal radiation are influenced by a mode-selective component (2d) such that the laser radiation emitted by the laser-source (2) has monomodal character. An edge-emitter (2b) or a vertical semiconductor emitter with an external cavity, is hence used, in which a mode selective component (2d) is arranged, for example, a monomode fiber or resonator mirror, which has the effect of a mode-selective resonator construction. Components with negative dispersion can be used for pulse compression to compensate for the greater pulse duration generated by the lengthened cavity.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical inclinometer. According to the invention, an incline-dependent medium, e.g. a liquid surface, is positioned in the pupil of an optical subsystem and a detectable wave front is imaged onto a detector by means of said medium. A phase displacement of radiation emitted from a radiation source is caused by said medium; the interaction of the radiation and the medium can take place during reflection or transmission. An aberration of the wave front caused by the medium can be analyzed by means of a wave front sensor and compensated by an evaluation unit or the detector. A wave front sensor having a diffractive structure formed upstream of each subaperture is compact and increases the resolution and the detectable angular region of the inclinometer.

Abstract: The invention concerns an imaging system comprising a first device (82) for acquiring image data for an object (93) using light, in particular a microscope, and a second device (94) for acquiring and displaying image data (in particular, of the kind not immediately visible to the eye) for the object (93) using (in particular invisible) radiation, preferably electromagnetic wave or particle radiation such as X-rays (X-ray or CT photographs), MRI or positron radiation. The system is also provided with a superimposition device (95) for superimposing the two sets of image data to form a single image which can be turned towards an observer. The optical parameters of the first device (82), e.g. the microscope and its image distortions, are incorporated in the image to be superimposed, thereby providing the observer with a dimensionally and geometrically accurate display of the two superimposed images.

Abstract: In a method for correcting optical wavefront errors in an optical system, the optical wavefront is calculated for different wavelengths and fields of view between the entry pupil (EP) and exit pupil (AP). Any phase differences are compensated by at least one surface (5, 7) compensating the phase differences in the beam path. A particular optical system, expediently in the form of a telescope, accordingly has a beam path which comprises the following: a first reflector (3), arranged along its axis (A), for reflecting a beam (1) incident along an optical axis (O) onto a concave second reflector (4) which throws the beam obtained from the first reflector (3) onto a third reflector (5), from which it is passed to a concave fourth reflector (6) in order to be reflected at an angle with said optical axis (O). Such a means (5, 7) for correcting the wavefront errors is provided in the beam path of such an optical system.

Abstract: A stereomicroscope has a left and a right stereo radiation path and an adjusting device for selecting a stereo base. A main lens is arranged between an object to be observed and the adjusting device, which may be designed as an opto-mechanical switching device. The arrangement allows an integrated structure with low light losses.

Abstract: A stereomicroscope has a left and a right stereo radiation path and an adjusting device for selecting a stereo base. A main lens is arranged between an object to be observed and the adjusting device, which may be designed as an opto-mechanical switching device. The arrangement allows an integrated structure with low light losses.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method and device for determining the direction of an object (10) which emits or reflects optical radiation. An optical element (14) which structures the wavefront of the radiation converts the conventional dot-type image (20) into an intensity distribution (14′) with more than one maximum on a locally resolving opto-electronic detector (13). From the intensity distribution (14′) and the structure function of the optical element (14), the direction of the object (10) can be determined with a high degree of accuracy over a wide measurement range. In addition, this gives a design with a shorter optical path length and very few optical components.

Abstract: A leveling instrument has an image-forming objective, a picture-taking spatial resolution optoelectronic detector, and electronics and a computing unit for driving the detector and evaluating the detector signals. The image-forming objective is subdivided into several zones of field depth designed each as a different aperture plate. Corresponding partial zone of the detector are associated to the aperture plate. The partial zones of the detector may also be designed as individual spatial resolution detectors. Since all level indicators, whatever their distance from the levelling instrument, may be sensed in one of the zones of field depth designed as aperture plates and reproduced by said aperture plate, the image-forming objective need not be manually or automatically refocused nor aligned with respect to the target.

Abstract: A stereomicroscope has a left and a right stereo radiation path and an adjusting device for selecting a stereo base. A main lens is arranged between an object to be observed and the adjusting device, which may be designed as an opto-mechanical switching device. The arrangement allows an integrated structure with low light losses.

Abstract: An arrangement for determining the position of a surgical microscope uses signal transmitters and signal receivers. Light emitting diodes that emit coded light signals and light receptors for receiving the coded light signals are arranged in various locations in space. Reflectors having narrow-bond reflection characteristics are arranged on the microscope so that the light reflected can be identified.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for correcting wave front deformations caused by an optical system (5). The wave front deformations are measured by means of a wave front measurement instrument. Based on the measurement results, at least two optical components are selected as optical correcting elements (1, 2) from a series of prefabricated optical components, for example cylindrical, with form errors of different types and magnitudes. They are then mutually aligned and brought into the path of the rays of the optical system (5). This process meets high tolerance requirements an may be easily and quickly applied in the course of manufacture of an optical system (5).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of determining measurement-point position data and a device for measuring the magnification of an optical beam path. In the method described, a laser beam is inserted via an insertion element (32a) into the beam path of a microscope. At the end of this beam path, a beam splitter (4c) splits the laser beam off again and directs it on to a position sensor (45a). The point at which the measurement beam is incident depends on the magnification of the beam path optics (8, 13). The final value of the magnification can thus be simply determined. The value of the magnification is important for the user in order to enable the user to make a definite assessment of the area observed. Also described are various related developments and details of the invention.

Abstract: A stereomicroscope has a left and a right stereo radiation path and adjusting means for selecting a stereo base. The main lens is arranged between an object to be observed and the adjusting means, which are preferably designed as opto-mechanical switching means. This arrangement allows an integrated structure with low light losses to be obtained.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a surgical microscope in which, to determine the distance between the microscope (8, 13) and the object (22), the travel time of a beam of light (57c) emanating from the microscope and reflected by the object is determined. The travel time is determined by phase measurement or by interference matching. In the case of direct phase measurement, modulated light is used. In the case of interference matching, partly coherent light is used. In order to ensure high accuracy over wide measurement range, the two measurement methods are preferably used in combination.

Abstract: The description relates to the measurement of the inclination of boundary areas in an optical system and a device for implementing the process. Starting with an auto-collimation process which determines the inclination of this boundary area in relation to a reference axis from the deviation of a light beam collimated onto the boundary area to be investigated and reflected on a position-sensitive photodetection system, a twin-beam interferometer process with downstream evaluation electronics is provided which permits the separation of the interferogram, intensity-modulated according to the invention, of the boundary area to be investigated from the unmodulated disturbance reflections of those not to be investigated as far as the interferogram intensities in the photon-noise range and thus offers a resolution in the deviation of the center of gravity of the interferogram of the order of 10 nm.