Abstract: A method of predicting acute mountain sickness (AMS) at sea level, prior to altitude ascent, that identifies level of AMS risk (no, mild, severe). The method includes collecting a urine sample from a subject and analyzing the urine sample for a quantity of at least one metabolite selected from the group consisting of creatine, taurine, N-methylhistidine, hypoxanthine, 1-methylnicotinamide, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, acetylcarnitine, and 3-methylhistidine. The quantity is compared to a threshold value for the respective metabolite. Based on the comparison, it is determined whether the subject will be susceptible to experience AMS, and its severity, once at high altitude.

Abstract: A method of monitoring a subject for the risk of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) includes obtaining real-time pulse arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) measurements from the subject. The SpO2 measurements are transformed into a novel metric known as Accumulated Hypoxic Debt (AHD). The AHD metric is used as the independent variable in a longitudinal generalized linear mixed model to calculate the probability D that the subject is at risk of AMS. Based on the probability D, appropriate courses of action may be communicated to the subject via the output device of a wearable or portable monitor.

Abstract: A method of monitoring a subject for the risk of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) includes obtaining real-time pulse arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) measurements from the subject. The SpO2 measurements are transformed into a novel metric known as Accumulated Hypoxic Debt (AHD). The AHD metric is used as the independent variable in a longitudinal generalized linear mixed model to calculate the probability D that the subject is at risk of AMS. Based on the probability D, appropriate courses of action may be communicated to the subject via the output device of a wearable or portable monitor.

Abstract: A system, method and apparatus for providing statistical estimates useful for decision support, including computer networks and software configured to provide such support. The methods and apparatus herein are particularly useful for providing information to health care providers, mission commanders and decision makers as it relates to the statistical modeling of the severity, prevalence and category of prevalence of various diseases in general, and to Acute Mountain Sickness in particular.