Abstract: Provided is a method and an apparatus for formatting a data set for transmission on a communication channel. The formatted data frame comprises a header and the data set to be transmitted. The header has a plurality of header fields comprising a redundancy field having a checksum calculated on data in part of the header fields and on the data set.

Abstract: Provided is a method and an apparatus for formatting a data set for transmission on a communication channel. The formatted data frame comprises a header and the data set to be transmitted. The header has a plurality of header fields comprising a redundancy field having a checksum calculated on data in part of the header fields and on the data set.

Abstract: A pneumatic-hydraulic tube flaring tool includes a pneumatic actuator, a hydraulic actuator coupled to the pneumatic actuator, a ram coupled to the hydraulic actuator, and a plurality of die elements. A tube is clamped between the two die elements, which are then clamped inside a casing that is attached to an actuator housing. Compressed air is introduced into the pneumatic actuator on a pressure side of a pneumatic piston. The pneumatic piston actuates a hydraulic plunger in order to actuate a hydraulic piston which applies a force to the ram. The distal end of the ram and the aggregate end of the die elements are shaped to form a flared tube end. The ram impinges the end of the tube and plastically deforms the tube end between the ram and the die elements forming a flared tube end.