Abstract: Systems and methods are described for synthesis of films, coatings or layers using templates. A method includes locating a template within at least one of a first precursor layer that is coupled to a first substrate and a second precursor layer that is coupled to a second substrate; forming a composition layer; and moving the first substrate relative to the second substrate, wherein the composition layer remains coupled to the second substrate.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for synthesis of films, coatings or layers using precursor exerted pressure containment. A method includes exerting a pressure between a first precursor layer that is coupled to a first substrate and a second precursor layer that is coupled to a second substrate; forming a composition layer; and moving the first substrate relative to the second substrate, wherein the composition layer remains coupled to the second substrate.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for synthesis of films, coatings or layers. An apparatus includes a first holder; a second holder coupled to the first holder; a linkage coupled to the first holder and the second holder to move the first holder relative to the second holder; a reusable tool coupled to the first holder, the reusable tool including a raised patterned surface; and a release layer coupled to the raised patterned surface of the reusable tool.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for a chemical reaction synthesis of films, coatings or layers using surfactants. A method includes providing a surfactant as an impurity within at least one of a first precursor layer that is coupled to a first substrate and a second precursor layer that is coupled to a second substrate; forming a composition layer; and moving the first substrate relative to the second substrate, wherein the composition layer remains coupled to the second substrate. The first precursor layer includes a first chemical reactant, the second precursor layer includes a second chemical reactant, and the composition layer includes a chemical product yielded by a chemical reaction between the first chemical reactant and the second chemical reactant.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for synthesis of films, coatings or layers using precursor exerted pressure containment. A method includes exerting a pressure between a first precursor layer that is coupled to a first substrate and a second precursor layer that is coupled to a second substrate; forming a composition layer; and moving the first substrate relative to the second substrate, wherein the composition layer remains coupled to the second substrate.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for synthesis of films, coatings or layers using electrostatic fields. A method includes applying an electrostatic field across a first precursor layer that is coupled to a first substrate and a second precursor layer that is coupled to a second substrate; forming a composition layer; and moving the first substrate relative to the second substrate, wherein the composition layer remains coupled to the second substrate.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for compositions, apparatus and/or electronic devices. A composition, includes a composition layer defining a first surface and a second surface, the composition layer including a collection layer that is located closer to the first surface than to the second surface. An apparatus, includes a semiconductor absorber layer defining a first surface and a second surface; and an electrode layer coupled to the first surface of the semiconductor absorber layer, wherein the semiconductor absorber layer includes a collection layer that is located closer to the first surface than to the second surface.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for synthesis of films, coatings or layers using electrostatic fields. A method includes applying an electrostatic field across a first precursor layer that is coupled to a first substrate and a second precursor layer that is coupled to a second substrate; forming a composition layer; and moving the first substrate relative to the second substrate, wherein the composition layer remains coupled to the second substrate.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for compositions, apparatus and/or electronic devices. A composition, includes a composition layer defining a first surface and a second surface, the composition layer including a collection layer that is located closer to the first surface than to the second surface. An apparatus, includes a semiconductor absorber layer defining a first surface and a second surface; and an electrode layer coupled to the first surface of the semiconductor absorber layer, wherein the semiconductor absorber layer includes a collection layer that is located closer to the first surface than to the second surface.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for synthesis of films, coatings or layers using precursor exerted pressure containment. A method includes exerting a pressure between a first precursor layer that is coupled to a first substrate and a second precursor layer that is coupled to a second substrate; forming a composition layer; and moving the first substrate relative to the second substrate, wherein the composition layer remains coupled to the second substrate.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for synthesis of films, coatings or layers using electrostatic fields. A method includes applying an electrostatic field across a first precursor layer that is coupled to a first substrate and a second precursor layer that is coupled to a second substrate; forming a composition layer; and moving the first substrate relative to the second substrate, wherein the composition layer remains coupled to the second substrate.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for synthesis of films, coatings or layers. An apparatus includes a first holder; a second holder coupled to the first holder; a linkage coupled to the first holder and the second holder to move the first holder relative to the second holder; a reusable tool coupled to the first holder, the reusable tool including a raised patterned surface; and a release layer coupled to the raised patterned surface of the reusable tool.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for synthesis of films, coatings or layers using surfactants. A method includes providing a surfactant as an impurity within at least one of a first precursor layer that is coupled to a first substrate and a second precursor layer that is coupled to a second substrate; forming a composition layer; and moving the first substrate relative to the second substrate, wherein the composition layer remains coupled to the second substrate.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for synthesis of films, coatings or layers using precursor exerted pressure containment. A method includes exerting a pressure between a first precursor layer that is coupled to a first substrate and a second precursor layer that is coupled to a second substrate; forming a composition layer; and moving the first substrate relative to the second substrate, wherein the composition layer remains coupled to the second substrate.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for synthesis of films, coatings or layers using templates. A method includes locating a template within at least one of a first precursor layer that is coupled to a first substrate and a second precursor layer that is coupled to a second substrate; forming a composition layer; and moving the first substrate relative to the second substrate, wherein the composition layer remains coupled to the second substrate.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for compositions, apparatus and/or electronic devices. A composition, includes a composition layer defining a first surface and a second surface, the composition layer including a collection layer that is located closer to the first surface than to the second surface. An apparatus, includes a semiconductor absorber layer defining a first surface and a second surface; and an electrode layer coupled to the first surface of the semiconductor absorber layer, wherein the semiconductor absorber layer includes a collection layer that is located closer to the first surface than to the second surface.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for synthesis of films, coatings or layers using precursor exerted pressure containment. A method includes exerting a pressure between a first precursor layer that is coupled to a first substrate and a second precursor layer that is coupled to a second substrate; forming a composition layer; and moving the first substrate relative to the second substrate, wherein the composition layer remains coupled to the second substrate.

Abstract: A monolithic photovoltaic cell (20) that includes at least one upper cell (24) and two or more lower cells (26) is disclosed. The upper cell is separated from the lower cells by an intrinsic isolation layer (28) to which both the upper and lower cells are bonded. A conductive backplane (30) formed integrally with the upper cell serves as a member of that cell and is actually bonded to the intrinsic isolation layer. Each lower cell is provided with a conductive backplane (32) that functions as the interface between the cell and the intrinsic isolation layer. A selectively applied metallization layer (31) series connects the lower tandem cells together and connects the lower cells in parallel across the upper cell. Dielectric material (48) is applied between the individual photovoltaic cells (24, 26) and the metallization layer to prevent the metallization layer from shorting out the photovoltaic cells.

Abstract: Individual solar cells are electrically interconnected through an interconnect circuit supported on a flexible dielectric substrate. The solar cells are connected directly to the interconnect circuit by contact fingers that are an integral part of the interconnect circuit. The interconnection of the individual solar cells can be accomplished by manual or automated process.

Abstract: An ultra-high-efficiency, monolithic, heteroepitaxial solar cell having a high specific power is disclosed. The solar cell includes three photoactive regions connected in series by their structure as a substantially single crystal multilayer film. The three photoactive junctions are in tandem optically. The upper cell, having the highest bandgap, is exposed to the entire solar spectrum, wherein those wavelengths whose energy is less than the upper cell's bandgap are transmitted to the two underlying cells. The intermediate cell similarly filters the solar spectrum transmitted to the lower cell which has the lowest bandgap.