Abstract: A method and apparatus for direction-finding in elevation using only phase comparison of the received signals are disclosed. The apparatus comprises a vertical linear array, a combiner and a comparator. The vertical antenna array comprises a plurality of antennas and detects signals from a signal source. The combiner combines the detected signals to generate a direction-finding phase signal. The comparator compares the direction-finding phase signal with a phase reference signal derived from a signal received from one of the antennas.

Abstract: A varactor based phase shifter that increases phase shift range using a lower characteristic impedance between quadrature ports than is used at its input/output ports. The circuit makes use of a four port coupler arrangement that imbeds a quarter wave impedance transformation between the input port and the quadrature ports as well as between the quadrature ports and the output port. The characteristic impedance across the quadrature ports is therefore less than the characteristic impedance across the input and output ports. In one implementation, reducing a characteristic input/output impedance of 50 to a 20 ohm quadrature port impedance results in a phase shift range increase of more than 50%.

Abstract: A smart antenna includes an active antenna element, a passive antenna element laterally adjacent the active antenna element, and an impedance element selectively connectable to the passive antenna element for antenna beam steering. A ground plane includes a center portion adjacent the active antenna element, and first and second arms extending outwardly from the center portion. The first arm is connected to the impedance element, and the second arm is laterally adjacent the first arm.

Abstract: A smart antenna includes a ground plane, an active antenna element adjacent the ground plane and having a radio frequency (RF) input associated therewith, and passive antenna elements adjacent the ground plane. Impedance elements are connected to the ground plane and are selectively connectable to the passive antenna elements for antenna beam steering. Tuning elements are adjacent the passive antenna elements for tuning thereof so that an input impedance of the RF input of the active antenna element remains relatively constant during the antenna beam steering.

Abstract: A smart antenna includes a ground plane, an active antenna element adjacent the ground plane, and passive antenna elements adjacent the ground plane. The passive antenna elements have different sizes for defining different resonant frequencies for increasing a bandwidth of the smart antenna. Dielectric layers having different dielectric constants may also be used for coating the passive antenna elements for defining different resonant frequencies. Impedance elements are connected to the ground plane and are selectively connectable to the passive antenna elements for antenna beam steering.

Abstract: A communications device includes a housing, an ionized air stream generator carried by the housing for generating an ionized air stream, and an ionized air chamber carried by the housing for directing the ionized air stream external the housing to function as an antenna. A transceiver is carried by the housing and is coupled to the ionized air chamber. The transceiver excites or detects changes in a current flow in the ionized air stream at radio communication frequencies.

Abstract: A wireless communication method and antenna system for determining the direction of arrival (DOA) of received signals in azimuth and elevation, (i.e., in three dimensions), to form a beam for transmitting and receiving signals. The system includes two antenna arrays, each having a plurality of antenna elements, two first stage multi-mode-port matrices, at least one second stage multi-mode-port matrix, an azimuth phase detector, an elevation amplitude detector, a plurality of phase shifters and a transceiver. The antenna arrays and the first stage multi-mode-port matrices form a plurality of orthogonal omni-directional modes. Each of the modes has a characteristic phase set. Two of the modes' phases are used to determine DOA in azimuth. The second stage multi-mode-port matrix forms a sum-mode and a difference-mode used to determine the DOA of the received signals in elevation. A beam is formed in the direction of the received signals by adjusting the phase shifters.

Abstract: A varactor based phase shifter that increases phase shift range using a lower characteristic impedance between quadrature ports than is used at its input/output ports. The circuit makes use of a four port coupler arrangement that imbeds a quarter wave impedance transformation between the input port and the quadrature ports as well as between the quadrature ports and the output port. The characteristic impedance across the quadrature ports is therefore less than the characteristic impedance across the input and output ports. In one implementation, reducing a characteristic input/output impedance of 50 to a 20 ohm quadrature port impedance results in a phase shift range increase of more than 50%.

Abstract: An antenna apparatus, which can increase capacity in a cellular communication system or Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), such as an 802.11 network, operates in conjunction with a mobile subscriber unit or client station. At least one antenna element is active and located within multiple passive antenna elements. The passive antenna elements are coupled to selectable impedance components for phase control of re-radiated RF signals. Various techniques for determining the phase of each antenna element are supported to enable the antenna apparatus to direct an antenna beam pattern toward a base station or access point with maximum gain, and, consequently, maximum signal-to-noise ratio. By directionally receiving and transmitting signals, multipath fading is greatly reduced as well as intercell interference.

Abstract: A satellite communication subscriber device includes a smart antenna for generating antenna beams for receiving signals from at least one satellite, and a receiver. The receiver includes a quality metric module for calculating a quality metric on the signals received by each antenna beam. A beam selector is coupled to the smart antenna for selecting the antenna beams. An antenna steering algorithm module runs an antenna steering algorithm for operating the beam selector for scanning the antenna beams, receiving the calculated quality metrics from the receiver for each scanned antenna beam, and comparing the calculated quality metrics. The algorithm selects one of the scanned antenna beams based upon the comparing for continuing to receive signals from the at least one satellite.

Abstract: A low profile smart antenna includes an active antenna element carried by a dielectric substrate, and active antenna element has a T-shape. Passive antenna elements are carried by the dielectric substrate, and they have an inverted L-shaped portion laterally adjacent the active antenna element. Impedance elements are selectively connectable to the passive antenna elements for antenna beam steering.

Abstract: A varactor based phase shifter that increases phase shift range using an impedance transformer to impart a low characteristic impedance between an input port and a reference node port. The characteristic impedance across the port is therefore less than the characteristic impedance would be otherwise, and the phase shift range is increased. In one embodiment, a simple reflection phase modifier can be used in a phased array using space feed parasitic antenna elements. This type of analog varactor reflection phase modifier can provide fine phase resolution, and the array can thus be used for low-loss adaptive beam forming.

Abstract: A matrix-fed circular array system includes a plurality of antennas, a plurality of azimuth matrices in communication with the antennas, and a plurality of elevation matrices in communication with the azimuth matrices. The array system forms M×N beams, where M is the number of azimuth beams, and N is the number of elevation beams. In another embodiment, through the use of a Shelton-Butler or Butler matrix which includes a plurality of hybrids, the system outputs omni-directional pancake-shaped radiation patterns that are isolated from each other when a communication signal is input into the system. In yet another embodiment, the system uses a beam forming network including two Shelton-Butler matrices. A first one of the Shelton-Butler matrices creates omni-directional pancake beams that are isolated from each other, and a second Shelton-Butler matrix creates multiple directive beams in an azimuth plane.

Abstract: At least one At least one user data stream is layer 2/3 processed, physical layer processed and radio frequency processed. A watermark/signature is embedded at at least one of layer 2/3, physical layer or radio frequency, producing an embedded wireless communication. The embedded wireless communication is wirelessly transferred. The embedded wireless communication is received and the watermark/signature is extracted from the embedded wireless communication.

Abstract: An antenna having a central active element and a plurality of passive dipoles surrounding the active element is disclosed. The passive dipoles increase the antenna gain by increasing the radiated energy in the azimuth direction. In another embodiment a plurality of parasitic directing elements extend radially outward from the passive dipoles.

Abstract: An antenna array that uses at least two passive antennas and one active antenna disposed above a ground plane, but electrically isolated from the ground plane, and a respective resonant strip positioned beneath each passive antenna. The passive antenna elements are positioned about the active element, and each of the at least two passive antenna elements is individually set to a reflective or a transmissive mode to change the characteristics of an input/output beam pattern of the antenna apparatus.

Abstract: An adaptive antenna used in a receive only mode with a separate omnidirectional transmit antenna. The arrangement is especially effective for small, handheld wireless devices. The transmit antenna maybe integrated with the receive array by utilizing a horizontally polarized transmit and vertically polarized receiver ray. In other embodiments, the transmit antenna may be physically separate and not integrated with the receive array. In either case there is separate receive and transmit signal port as an interface to radio transceiver equipment. The use of an adaptive antenna in the receive only direction has the potential to increase forward links capacity to levels equal to or greater than reverse link capacity. This allows for a significant increase in the overall number of users that may be active at the same time in a wireless system.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for dynamically selecting antennas for transmission and/or reception. The apparatus may be an antenna system, a base station, a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), and/or an integrated circuit (IC). A subset of a plurality of antennas available for use is determined at any given moment in time. The antennas may be comprised by a Shelton-Butler matrix fed circular array including a plurality of selectable mode ports. One or more characteristics, (e.g., antenna cross-correlation, multipath), of antenna signals received via the antennas/mode ports are analyzed on a continual basis, and the number of available antennas/mode ports needed for transmission and/or reception is determined. At least one of the available antennas/mode ports associated with at least one received antenna signal having a better characteristic than the other received antenna signals is selected. The at least one selected antenna/mode port is then used for transmission and/or reception.

Abstract: An antenna assembly includes at least two active or main radiating omni-directional antenna elements arranged with at least one beam control or passive antenna element used as a reflector. The beam control antenna element(s) may have multiple reactance elements that can electrically terminate it to adjust the input or output beam pattern(s) produced by the combination of the active antenna elements and the beam control antenna element(s). More specifically, the beam control antenna element(s) may be coupled to different terminating reactances to change beam characteristics, such as the directivity and angular beamwidth. Processing may be employed to select which terminating reactance to use. Consequently, the radiator pattern of the antenna can be more easily directed towards a specific target receiver/transmitter, reduce signal-to-noise interference levels, and/or increase gain.

Abstract: A mobile communication handset includes at least one passive antenna element and an active antenna element adjacent to the passive antenna elements protruding from a housing. The active element is coupled to electronic radio communication circuits and the passive antenna elements are coupled to circuit elements that affect the directivity of communication signals coupled to the antenna elements.