Abstract: As a preliminary stage in manufacturing a lens or lens part for an objective, in particular a projection objective for a microlithography projection system, an optical blank is made from a crystal material. As a first step in manufacturing the optical blank, one determines the orientation of a first crystallographic direction that is defined in the crystallographic structure of the material. The material is then machined into an optical blank so that the first crystallographic direction is substantially perpendicular to an optical blank surface of the optical blank. Subsequently, a marking is applied to the optical blank or to a mounting element of the optical blank. The marking has a defined relationship to a second crystallographic direction which is oriented at a non-zero angle relative to the first crystallographic direction.

Abstract: A retardation arrangement for converting an input radiation beam, incident from an input side of the retardation arrangement, into an output radiation beam which has over its cross section a spatial distribution of polarization states which can be influenced by the retardation arrangement and differs from the spatial distribution of polarization states of the input radiation, is designed as a reflective retardation arrangement. A useful cross section of the retardation arrangement has a multiplicity of retardation zones of different retardation effect. Such a mirror arrangement having a retardation effect varying as a function of location can be used to compensate undesired fluctuations in the polarization state over the cross section of an input radiation beam and/or to set specific output polarization states, for example in order to set radial or tangential polarization.

Abstract: An objective for a microlithography projection system has at least one fluoride crystal lens. The effects of birefringence, which are detrimental to the image quality, are reduced if the lens axis of the crystal lens is oriented substantially perpendicular to the {100}-planes or {100}-equivalent crystallographic planes of the fluoride crystal. If two or more fluoride crystal lenses are used, they should have lens axes oriented in the (100)-, (111)-, or (110)-direction of the crystallographic structure, and they should be oriented at rotated positions relative to each other. The birefringence-related effects are further reduced by using groups of mutually rotated (100)-lenses in combination with groups of mutually rotated (111)- or (110)-lenses. A further improvement is also achieved by applying a compensation coating to at least one optical element of the objective.

Abstract: As a preliminary stage in manufacturing a lens or lens part for an objective, in particular a projection objective for a microlithography projection system, an optical blank is made from a crystal material. As a first step in manufacturing the optical blank, one determines the orientation of a first crystallographic direction that is defined in the crystallographic structure of the material. The material is then machined into an optical blank so that the first crystallographic direction is substantially perpendicular to an optical blank surface of the optical blank. Subsequently, a marking is applied to the optical blank or to a mounting element of the optical blank. The marking has a defined relationship to a second crystallographic direction which is oriented at a non-zero angle relative to the first crystallographic direction.

Abstract: As a preliminary stage in manufacturing a lens or lens part for an objective, in particular a projection objective for a microlithography projection system, an optical blank is made from a crystal material. As a first step in manufacturing the optical blank, one determines the orientation of a first crystallographic direction that is defined in the crystallographic structure of the material. The material is then machined into an optical blank so that the first crystallographic direction is substantially perpendicular to an optical blank surface of the optical blank. Subsequently, a marking is applied to the optical blank or to a mounting element of the optical blank. The marking has a defined relationship to a second crystallographic direction which is oriented at a non-zero angle relative to the first crystallographic direction.

Abstract: An objective for a microlithography projection system has at least one fluoride crystal lens. The effects of birefringence, which are detrimental to the image quality, are reduced if the lens axis of the crystal lens is oriented substantially perpendicular to the {100}-planes or {100}-equivalent crystallographic planes of the fluoride crystal. If two or more fluoride crystal lenses are used, they should have lens axes oriented in the (100)-, (111)-, or (110)-direction of the crystallographic structure, and they should be oriented at rotated positions relative to each other. The birefringence-related effects are further reduced by using groups of mutually rotated (100)-lenses in combination with groups of mutually rotated (111)- or (110)-lenses. A further improvement is also achieved by applying a compensation coating to at least one optical element of the objective.

Abstract: An objective for a microlithography projection system has at least one fluoride crystal lens. The effects of birefringence, which are detrimental to the image quality, are reduced if the lens axis of the crystal lens is oriented substantially perpendicular to the {100}-planes or {100}-equivalent crystallographic planes of the fluoride crystal. If two or more fluoride crystal lenses are used, they should have lens axes oriented in the (100)-, (111)-, or (110)-direction of the crystallographic structure, and they should be oriented at rotated positions relative to each other. The birefringence-related effects are further reduced by using groups of mutually rotated (100)-lenses in combination with groups of mutually rotated (111)- or (110)-lenses. A further improvement is also achieved by applying a compensation coating to at least one optical element of the objective.

Abstract: An objective for a microlithography projection system has at least one fluoride crystal lens. The effects of birefringence, which are detrimental to the image quality, are reduced if the lens axis of the crystal lens is oriented substantially perpendicular to the {100}-planes or {100}-equivalent crystallographic planes of the fluoride crystal. If two or more fluoride crystal lenses are used, they should have lens axes oriented in the (100)-, (111)-, or (110)-direction of the crystallographic structure, and they should be oriented at rotated positions relative to each other. The birefringence-related effects are further reduced by using groups of mutually rotated (100)-lenses in combination with groups of mutually rotated (111)- or (110)-lenses. A further improvement is also achieved by applying a compensation coating to at least one optical element of the objective.

Abstract: An objective for a microlithography projection system has at least one fluoride crystal lens. The effects of birefringence, which are detrimental to the image quality, are reduced if the lens axis of the crystal lens is oriented substantially perpendicular to the {100}-planes or {100}-equivalent crystallographic planes of the fluoride crystal. If two or more fluoride crystal lenses are used, they should have lens axes oriented in the (100)-, (111)-, or (110)-direction of the crystallographic structure, and they should be oriented at rotated positions relative to each other. The birefringence-related effects are further reduced by using groups of mutually rotated (100)-lenses in combination with groups of mutually rotated (111)- or (110)-lenses. A further improvement is also achieved by applying a compensation coating to at least one optical element of the objective.

Abstract: A retardation arrangement for converting an input radiation beam, incident from an input side of the retardation arrangement, into an output radiation beam which has over its cross section a spatial distribution of polarization states which can be influenced by the retardation arrangement and differs from the spatial distribution of polarization states of the input radiation, is designed as a reflective retardation arrangement. A useful cross section of the retardation arrangement has a multiplicity of retardation zones of different retardation effect. Such a mirror arrangement having a retardation effect varying as a function of location can be used to compensate undesired fluctuations in the polarization state over the cross section of an input radiation beam and/or to set specific output polarization states, for example in order to set radial or tangential polarization.

Abstract: A retardation arrangement for converting an input radiation beam, incident from an input side of the retardation arrangement, into an output radiation beam which has over its cross section a spatial distribution of polarization states which can be influenced by the retardation arrangement and differs from the spatial distribution of polarization states of the input radiation, is designed as a reflective retardation arrangement. A useful cross section of the retardation arrangement has a multiplicity of retardation zones of different retardation effect. Such a mirror arrangement having a retardation effect varying as a function of location can be used to compensate undesired fluctuations in the polarization state over the cross section of an input radiation beam and/or to set specific output polarization states, for example in order to set radial or tangential polarization.

Abstract: As a preliminary stage in manufacturing a lens or lens part for an objective, in particular a projection objective for a microlithography projection system, an optical blank is made from a crystal material. As a first step in manufacturing the optical blank, one determines the orientation of a first crystallographic direction that is defined in the crystallographic structure of the material. The material is then machined into an optical blank so that the first crystallographic direction is substantially perpendicular to an optical blank surface of the optical blank. Subsequently, a marking is applied to the optical blank or to a mounting element of the optical blank. The marking has a defined relationship to a second crystallographic direction which is oriented at a non-zero angle relative to the first crystallographic direction.

Abstract: An objective for a microlithography projection system has at least one fluoride crystal lens. The effects of birefringence, which are detrimental to the image quality, are reduced if the lens axis of the crystal lens is oriented substantially perpendicular to the {100}-planes or {100}-equivalent crystallographic planes of the fluoride crystal. If two or more fluoride crystal lenses are used, they should have lens axes oriented in the (100)-, (111)-, or (110)-direction of the crystallographic structure, and they should be oriented at rotated positions relative to each other. The birefringence-related effects are further reduced by using groups of mutually rotated (100)-lenses in combination with groups of mutually rotated (111)- or (110)-lenses. A further improvement is also achieved by applying a compensation coating to at least one optical element of the objective.

Abstract: An objective for a microlithography projection system has at least one fluoride crystal lens. The effects of birefringence, which are detrimental to the image quality, are reduced if the lens axis of the crystal lens is oriented substantially perpendicular to the {100}-planes or {100}-equivalent crystallographic planes of the fluoride crystal. If two or more fluoride crystal lenses are used, they should have lens axes oriented in the (100)-, (111)-, or (110)-direction of the crystallographic structure, and they should be oriented at rotated positions relative to each other. The birefringence-related effects are further reduced by using groups of mutually rotated (100)-lenses in combination with groups of mutually rotated (111)- or (110)-lenses. A further improvement is also achieved by applying a compensation coating to at least one optical element of the objective.

Abstract: A retardation arrangement for converting an input radiation beam, incident from an input side of the retardation arrangement, into an output radiation beam which has over its cross section a spatial distribution of polarization states which can be influenced by the retardation arrangement and differs from the spatial distribution of polarization states of the input radiation, is designed as a reflective retardation arrangement. A useful cross section of the retardation arrangement has a multiplicity of retardation zones of different retardation effect. Such a mirror arrangement having a retardation effect varying as a function of location can be used to compensate undesired fluctuations in the polarization state over the cross section of an input radiation beam and/or to set specific output polarization states, for example in order to set radial or tangential polarization.

Abstract: An objective for a microlithography projection system has at least one fluoride crystal lens. The effects of birefringence, which are detrimental to the image quality, are reduced if the lens axis of the crystal lens is oriented substantially perpendicular to the {100}-planes or {100}-equivalent crystallographic planes of the fluoride crystal. If two or more fluoride crystal lenses are used, they should have lens axes oriented in the (100)-, (111)-, or (110)-direction of the crystallographic structure, and they should be oriented at rotated positions relative to each other. The birefringence-related effects are further reduced by using groups of mutually rotated (100)-lenses in combination with groups of mutually rotated (111)- or (110)-lenses. A further improvement is also achieved by applying a compensation coating to at least one optical element of the objective.