Abstract: A lithium secondary battery, and a method of operating a lithium secondary battery are provided. The lithium secondary battery includes a cathode including a cathode active material layer that includes a lithium-nickel metal oxide, and an anode opposing the cathode. A full width at half maximum ratio or a relative peak area ratio of the lithium secondary battery is 70% or more.

Abstract: A lithium secondary battery according to the present disclosure includes a cathode and an anode disposed opposite to the cathode. The cathode has a gliding step height of 20 nm or less. The gliding step height is defined as the distance between a pair of parallel lines having a non-zero slope that can include at least two mountain-like shapes observed in a line scan graph obtained using an atomic force microscope (AFM) of the cathode surface after 500 charge-discharge cycles in a fully discharged state.

Abstract: An anode for a lithium secondary battery includes an anode current collector, and an anode active material layer disposed on at least one surface of the anode current collector. The anode active material layer includes an anode active material and a conductive material. An electrode peak intensity ratio obtained by a pair distribution function (PDF) analysis of the anode active material layer is in a range from 1.1 to 2.7.

Abstract: An anode active material for a lithium secondary battery includes a composite particle. The composite particle includes a carbon-based particle including pores, and a silicon-containing coating formed on a surface of the carbon-based particle. A particle peak distance of the composite particle measured by a pair distribution function (PDF) analysis is 0.6 ? or less.