Abstract: A heat flux sensor according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: a thermogalvanic cell; a first electrode and a second electrode which are respectively disposed on a first surface and a second surface of the thermogalvanic cell; and a processor configured to estimate heat flux by measuring a voltage, generated by a temperature difference between the first surface and the second surface, by using the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein core body temperature may be estimated based on the heat flux, estimated by the heat flux sensor, and a skin surface temperature of an object.

Abstract: An electronic device for estimating human body microclimate temperature is provided. The electronic device may include: a main body; a first temperature sensor configured to measure a first temperature and a second temperature sensor configured to measure a second temperature, the first and second temperature sensors being disposed at different positions in the main body; and a processor, which while the main body is worn on a body part of a user or is carried by the user, is configured to estimate human body microclimate temperature of the user based on a difference between the first temperature and the second temperature.

Abstract: An electronic device for estimating body temperature may include: a sensor including a heat source, a pair of first temperature sensors horizontally spaced apart from each other at two opposing sides of the heat source, and a pair of second temperature sensors vertically spaced apart from the pair of first temperature sensors in a thickness direction of the electronic device; and at least one processor configured to estimate a blood temperature difference based on temperatures measured by the pair of first temperature sensors and the pair of second temperature sensors, and estimate blood flow information based on the estimated blood temperature difference.

Abstract: An electronic device may include: a first sensor configured to measure a skin temperature of skin of a user; a second sensor configured to measure heat flux transmitted from the skin to a main body of the electronic device; a third sensor configured to measure a heart rate of the user; and a processor configured to estimate a rate of core body temperature change based on the skin temperature measured at a first time and a second time, the heat flux, the heart rate, and the skin temperature.

Abstract: An electronic device may include: a first temperature sensor configured to measure a first temperature when an object comes into contact with a contact surface of a main body of the electronic device; a second temperature sensor spaced apart from the first temperature sensor in a direction opposite the contact surface and configured to measure a second temperature; and a processor configured to detect a temperature change due to heat generation inside the main body, and estimate skin surface temperature based on the first temperature, the second temperature, and the temperature change.

Abstract: An electronic device may include: a first temperature sensor configured to measure a first temperature of a skin surface when a user comes into contact with a main body of the electronic device; a first heating element spaced apart from the first temperature sensor by a first predetermined distance; a second temperature sensor spaced apart from the first heating element by a second predetermined distance and configured to measure a second temperature inside the main body; and a processor configured to: estimate heat flux based on the first temperature and the second temperature; estimate a blood perfusion rate of the user based on a temperature of the first heating element and the first temperature, and estimate a core body temperature of a user based on the first temperature, the estimated heat flux, and the estimated blood perfusion rate.

Abstract: An optical apparatus for non-invasively measuring a bio-signal is provided. The optical apparatus may include an interface housing including: a guide part defined by an interior space of the interface housing and configured to guide an object to a measurement position; and a pressurizing part configured to induce congestion of a second portion of the object by pressing a first portion of the object when the object is disposed within the guide part; and a measurer including: a light source provided on an upper side of the interface housing and configured to emit light to the second portion of the object when the object is at the measurement position; and a detector configured to measure a bio-signal from the second portion by detecting light scattered or reflected from the second portion.

Abstract: An electronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: a first temperature sensor configured to measure a first temperature of body skin; a second temperature sensor configured to measure a second temperature inside a main body; a thermal resistance structure having effective thermal resistance so that a difference between the first temperature and the second temperature is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold value; and a processor configured to obtain skin heat flux based on the first temperature and the second temperature, and to estimate core body temperature of a user based on the first temperature and the skin heat flux.

Abstract: An electronic device may include: a sensor including a flexible printed circuit board, a plurality of temperature sensors arranged on the flexible printed circuit board, and a thermally conductive material disposed between the plurality of temperature sensors; and at least one processor configured to estimate a body temperature of a user based on data that is obtained by the plurality of temperature sensors when a contact surface of the sensor is contacted with the user, wherein the flexible printed circuit board is bent to have the plurality of temperature sensors arranged at different distances from the contact surface of the sensor.

Abstract: An electronic device may include: a heat flux sensor including: a first temperature sensor configured to measure a first voltage representing a first temperature; a second temperature sensor spaced apart from the first temperature sensor and configured to measure a second voltage representing a second temperature; and an amplifier configured to amplify a voltage difference between the first voltage and the second voltage; and a processor configured to estimate a body temperature of a user based on the amplified voltage difference.

Abstract: An electronic device may include: a heat flux sensor including: a first temperature sensor configured to measure a first voltage representing a first temperature; a second temperature sensor spaced apart from the first temperature sensor and configured to measure a second voltage representing a second temperature; and an amplifier configured to amplify a voltage difference between the first voltage and the second voltage; and a processor configured to estimate a body temperature of a user based on the amplified voltage difference.

Abstract: An electronic device may include: a first temperature sensor configured to measure a first temperature of body skin; a second temperature sensor configured to measure a second temperature at a position spaced apart from the body skin; and a processor configured to estimate skin heat loss based on the first temperature and the second temperature, and to determine a target ambient temperature for controlling an ambient temperature based on the first temperature and the skin heat loss.

Abstract: An electronic device may include: a first temperature sensor configured to measure a first temperature of a surface at a body measurement location of a user; a second temperature sensor spaced apart from the first temperature sensor and configured to measure a second temperature inside a main body of the electronic device; a third temperature sensor disposed further away from the first temperature than the second temperature sensor and configured to measure a third temperature inside the main body; and a processor configured to estimate a core temperature at the body measurement location based on the first temperature, the second temperature, and the third temperature; estimate an ambient temperature outside the main body based on the second temperature and the third temperature; and estimate a body temperature of the user based on the core temperature at the body measurement location and the ambient temperature outside the main body.

Abstract: An electronic device for estimating body temperature is provided. The electronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: a first temperature sensor configured to measure a first temperature of body skin; a second temperature sensor configured to measure a second temperature at a position spaced apart from the body skin; and a processor configured to estimate a body temperature based on the first temperature, to estimate an ambient temperature of a main body based on the second temperature, to calculate a heat loss, which occurs from a reference body location to the body skin due to the ambient temperature of the main body, based on the estimated ambient temperature of the main body, and to obtain a final body temperature by correcting the body temperature based on the heat loss due to the ambient temperature of the main body.

Abstract: An electronic device for estimating body temperature is provided. The electronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: a first temperature sensor configured to measure a first temperature of body skin; a second temperature sensor configured to measure a second temperature at a position spaced apart from the body skin; and a processor configured to estimate a body temperature based on the first temperature, to estimate an ambient temperature of a main body based on the second temperature, to calculate a heat loss, which occurs from a reference body location to the body skin due to the ambient temperature of the main body, based on the estimated ambient temperature of the main body, and to obtain a final body temperature by correcting the body temperature based on the heat loss due to the ambient temperature of the main body.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating body temperature of an object may include: a heating element; a first temperature sensor configured to measure temperature of the heating element; a second temperature sensor disposed at a position spaced apart from the first temperature sensor and configured to measure surface temperature of an object upon contact with the object; and a processor configured to estimate core temperature using a heat flux based on the temperature of the heating element and the surface temperature of the object, and to estimate body temperature of the object by correcting the core temperature, estimated using the heat flux, based on external temperature.

Abstract: An electronic device may include: a main body including a first surface and a second surface; a first temperature sensor and a second temperature sensor which are provided inside the main body, wherein the second temperature sensor is disposed closer to the surface of the main body than the first temperature sensor; and a processor, which while the second surface of the main body is in contact with a body part of a user, is configured to estimate a heat flux that is generated by body heat, of the user based on a difference between a first temperature measured by the first temperature sensor and a second temperature measured by the second temperature sensor, and measure air temperature based on the estimated heat flux and the second temperature.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating body temperature, may include: a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor configured to measure a PPG signal by emitting light onto an object and by detecting light scattered or reflected from the object; and a processor configured to estimate a cutaneous blood flow and an energy metabolism of the object based on the PPG signal, estimate a core body temperature of the object based on the cutaneous blood flow and the energy metabolism, and provide notification information on a risk of abnormal body temperature based on the core body temperature.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating body temperature includes: a first temperature sensor configured to measure surface temperature of a wrist of a user; and a processor configured to calculate skin heat flux based on the surface temperature of the wrist, to estimate central wrist temperature of the user based on the surface temperature of the wrist, the calculated skin heat flux, and a blood flow rate and metabolism of the user, and to estimate core body temperature of the user based on the estimated central wrist temperature.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus for measuring an in-situ crosslink density includes a support configured to fix or support a cross-linkable structure, a light source configured to irradiate light for crosslinking to the cross-linkable structure, and a probe configured to provide in-situ micro-deformation to the cross-linkable structure, wherein the in-situ crosslink density of the cross-linkable structure is measured from a stress-strain phase lag of the cross-linkable structure by the in-situ micro-deformation, a method of measuring the in-situ crosslink density, a method of manufacturing a crosslinked product, a crosslinked product obtained by the method, and a polymer substrate and an electronic device including the crosslinked product.