Abstract: There is provided a reactor wherein the reactor is a cyclone reactor, and wherein at least one volume (Vh) inside the reactor is adapted to be heated by a plasma torch to a temperature of at least 3000° C. Advantages include that the calcination is quicker with a more uniform heat transfer to all particles. The calciner can be made more compact. The temperature difference in the process ?T increases, which also improves the efficiency of the process. The calcination process can be made essentially kinetically controlled. The elevated temperatures of the heat treated material reduce recombination reactions.

Abstract: A method of operating a combustion process in a cyclone burner, after start-up thereof, is provided. A fuel and a combustion gas is fed into a combustion chamber of the cyclone burner. The velocity of the combustion gas is kept between a lower and an upper limiting gas velocity. The stoichiometric condition (sub- or over-stoichiometric) is maintained by controlling the amount of fed oxygen to the amount of fed fuel. A shift is made to the other stoichiometric condition while preventing the combustion gas from obtaining a velocity outside the range defined by the lower and upper limiting gas velocity.

Abstract: A method of operating a combustion process in a cyclone burner, after start-up thereof, is provided. A fuel and a combustion gas is fed into a combustion chamber of the cyclone burner. The velocity of the combustion gas is kept between a lower and an upper limiting gas velocity. The stoichiometric condition (sub- or over-stoichiometric) is maintained by controlling the amount of fed oxygen to the amount of fed fuel. A shift is made to the other stoichiometric condition while preventing the combustion gas from obtaining a velocity outside the range defined by the lower and upper limiting gas velocity.