Abstract: Optical scanning apparatus for microfilms or test films has a first carriage which is movable along the X-axis of a coordinate system, a second carriage which is mounted on the first carriage and is movable along the Y-axis of the coordinate system, a magnetic coupling device which connects a portion of the margin of a film to the second carriage so that each and every bit of information on the film can be moved into register with a reference point at the upper side of a horizontal base plate, and an optical scanning system having a light source below the base plate, an annular insert mounted in the base plate and serving to transmit light upwardly through the film at the reference point of the upper side of the base plate, and a magnifying lens system or a photoelectric cell above the film in register with the insert.

Abstract: The copier includes a fixing arrangement for the heat-treatment of copying material by means of a heating device, and a blower operative for keeping the heat of the fixing arrangement away from heat-sensitive components of the copier, particularly the copying drum, by establishing a flow of cooling air travelling along a first predetermined flow path. The safety arrangement includes a diverting device activatable for diverting at least part of the flow of cooling air established by the blower away from the first flow path and into a second flow path leading through the interior of the fixing arrangement to effect cooling of the interior of the fixing arrangement. A detecting device detects copier malfunction. A control unit connected to the diverting device and to the detecting device is operative in response to detection of copier malfunction for activating the diverting device, to prevent copying material in the fixing arrangement from becoming damaged or ignited due to overheating.