Abstract: Example methods and apparatuses are disclosed for providing tissue ablation through electrolysis, electroporation, or a combination thereof. A way to deliver the combination through a pulse that has an element of gradual decay and can thereby reduce both muscle contraction and electric breakdown discharge at the electrodes is disclosed. The apparatus disclosed may include an electrode, a power supply, and a controller. The controller may control a charge applied to the electrode to induce a direct current through a treatment site to produce electrolysis products and a voltage to produce electroporation. The duration and magnitude of the charge applied may determine the dose of the products and the degree of the permeabilization of cells in the treatment site.

Abstract: Example apparatuses and systems are disclosed for providing controlled delivery of electrolysis treatment and cellular permeabilization treatment to a site in tissue. A system disclosed may include an electrode, a power supply, and a controller. The controller may control a charge applied to the electrode to induce a direct current through the aqueous matrix to produce electrolysis products and a voltage to produce electroporation. The duration and magnitude of the charge applied may determine the dose of the products and the degree of the permeabilization of cells in the treatment site. The composition of the electrodes may be chosen in accordance with the desired products produced and electroporation effects. An apparatus is disclosed that may be in the form of electrodes for electrolysis and electrodes for electroporation applied to the tissue. An apparatus is disclosed that may be used for treating internal tissue.

Abstract: Example methods and apparatuses are disclosed for providing tissue ablation through electrolysis, electroporation, or a combination thereof. A way to deliver the combination through a pulse that has an element of gradual decay and can thereby reduce both muscle contraction and electric breakdown discharge at the electrodes is disclosed. The apparatus disclosed may include an electrode, a power supply, and a controller. The controller may control a charge applied to the electrode to induce a direct current through a treatment site to produce electrolysis products and a voltage to produce electroporation. The duration and magnitude of the charge applied may determine the dose of the products and the degree of the permeabilization of cells in the treatment site.

Abstract: A cryosurgical instrument having a cryosurgical probe, at least one electrode configured to generate products of electrolysis, and a protective member coupled to at least a portion of an exterior surface of the cryosurgical probe effective to substantially isolate the cryosurgical probe from the products of electrolysis is disclosed. Methods of providing combined cryosurgical treatment and electrolysis with the cryosurgical instrument are disclosed. A system having the cryosurgical instrument, a cryogenic power supply, an electrolysis power supply, and a controller configured to generate a cryogenic signal and an electric signal is disclosed. Methods of producing the cryosurgical instrument by selecting a cryosurgical probe, coupling at least one electrode to the cryosurgical probe, and fastening the protective member to at least a portion of an exterior surface of the cryosurgical probe are disclosed. Cryosurgical probe protective devices are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for reducing probability of ice nucleation during preservation of biological matter in isochoric systems by placing biological matter in a flexible, impermeable inner container, adding an inner solution with a melting point that is higher than a desired storage temperature, removing bulk gas from and sealing the inner container, placing the inner container in a rigid, non-thermally insulating outer container, filling the space between the inner and outer containers with an outer solution, removing bulk gas from and sealing the outer container, cooling the system to the desired storage temperature, maintaining the desired storage temperature for a desired storage period, warming the system to a temperature that is higher than the desired storage temperature, unsealing the outer and inner containers, and removing the biological matter. The outer solution has a melting point that is lower than the equilibrium melting point of the biological matter and the inner solution.

Abstract: Systems and methods for additive manufacturing of biological matter with desired non-homogeneous and non-isotropic textures from deposited 2-D or 3-D printed elements. Desired textures, such as anisotropic structure at the microscale level, are achieved through a combination of controlled chemical, thermal and freezing steps producing crosslinked anisotropic structures by directional solidification. The apparatus has a movable printing platform associated with a heating module and a cooling module separated by a gap that creates a thermal gradient permitting directional solidification of a printed object as the platform moves over the modules.

Abstract: Fruits and vegetables are impregnated with ascorbic acid impregnation fluids during an isochoric freezing process. The ascorbic acid impregnation fluids are infused into the void pores of fruits and vegetables, without destroying cellular tissue. The infusion of ascorbic acid can prevent browning of fruits and vegetable products, increase the products' vitamin C content, and inhibit microbial growth.

Abstract: The disclosure provides processes for temperature and pressure controlled cryopreservation of samples by using isochoric systems.

Abstract: Systems, apparatus and methods for producing objects with cryogenic 3D printing with controllable micro and macrostructure with potential applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and the food industry. The technology can produce complex structures with controlled morphology when the printed 3D object is immersed in a liquid coolant, whose upper surface is maintained at the same level as the highest deposited layer of the object. This ensures that the computer-controlled process of freezing is controlled precisely and already printed frozen layers remain at a constant temperature. The technology controls the temperature, flow rate and volume of the printed fluid emitted by the dispenser that has X-Y positional translation and conditions at the interface between the dispenser and coolant surface. The technology can also control the temperature of the pool of liquid coolant and the vertical position of the printing surface and pool of coolant liquid.

Abstract: Supercooled water or solutions can be destabilized by the nucleation of ice, which can be triggered by a wide range of different mechanisms. Constraining water in a constant-volume (isochoric) container minimizes the effects of many of these mechanisms through thermodynamic, kinetic, and fluid dynamic means, significantly enhancing supercooling stability. This invention describes methods and devices for high-stability and optionally transportable supercooling of aqueous solutions or suspensions, and the stable and long-term preservation of biological matter that may be stored therein.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of determining the condition of a bulk tissue sample, by: positioning a bulk tissue sample between a pair of induction coils (or antennae); passing a spectrum of alternating current (or voltage) through a first of the induction coils (or antennae); measuring spectrum of alternating current (or voltage) produced in the second of the induction coils (or antennae); and comparing the phase shift between the spectrum of alternating currents (or voltages) in the first and second induction coils (or antennae), thereby determining the condition of the bulk tissue sample.

Abstract: A method for measuring an intracranial bioimpedance in a patient's head, to help evaluate cerebral autoregulation, may involve securing a volumetric integral phase-shift spectroscopy (VIPS) device to the patient's head, measuring the intracranial bioimpedance with the VIPS device by measuring a phase shift between a magnetic field transmitted from a transmitter on one side of a VIPS device and a magnetic field received at a receiver on another side of the VIPS device, at one or more frequencies, and evaluating cerebral autoregulation in the intracranial bioimpedance, using a processor in the VIPS device.

Abstract: Example apparatuses and systems are disclosed for providing controlled delivery of electrolysis products to a site which may be used for treatment of infection and ablation of undesirable cells and tissue. A system disclosed may include a power supply, two electrodes, an aqueous matrix that may close the electric circuit between the electrodes at the treated site, and a controller. The controller may control the electrical circuit to induce a direct current through the electrodes and an aqueous matrix to produce electrolysis products. The duration and magnitude of the charge applied may determine the dose of the products applied to the treatment site. The composition of the electrodes and the aqueous matrix may be chosen to produce desired products. An apparatus is disclosed that may be in the form of a pad for applying to a wound. An apparatus is disclosed that may be used for treating internal tissue.

Abstract: Example apparatuses and systems are disclosed for providing controlled delivery of electrolysis products to a site which may be used for treatment of infection and ablation of undesirable cells and tissue. A system disclosed may include a power supply, two electrodes, an aqueous matrix that may close the electric circuit between the electrodes at the treated site, and a controller. The controller may control the electrical circuit to induce a direct current through the electrodes and an aqueous matrix to produce electrolysis products. The duration and magnitude of the charge applied may determine the dose of the products applied to the treatment site. The composition of the electrodes and the aqueous matrix may be chosen to produce desired products. An apparatus is disclosed that may be in the form of a pad for applying to a wound. An apparatus is disclosed that may be used for treating internal tissue.

Abstract: Example apparatuses and systems are disclosed for providing controlled delivery of electrolysis products to a site which may be used for treatment of infection and ablation of undesirable cells and tissue. A system disclosed may include a power supply, two electrodes, an aqueous matrix that may close the electric circuit between the electrodes at the treated site, and a controller. The controller may control the electrical circuit to induce a direct current through the electrodes and an aqueous matrix to produce electrolysis products. The duration and magnitude of the charge applied may determine the dose of the products applied to the treatment site. The composition of the electrodes and the aqueous matrix may be chosen to produce desired products. An apparatus is disclosed that may be in the form of a pad for applying to a wound. An apparatus is disclosed that may be used for treating internal tissue.

Abstract: Systems, apparatus and methods for producing objects with cryogenic 3D printing with controllable micro and macrostructure with potential applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and the food industry. The technology can produce complex structures with controlled morphology when the printed 3D object is immersed in a liquid coolant, whose upper surface is maintained at the same level as the highest deposited layer of the object. This ensures that the computer-controlled process of freezing is controlled precisely and already printed frozen layers remain at a constant temperature. The technology controls the temperature, flow rate and volume of the printed fluid emitted by the dispenser that has X-Y positional translation and conditions at the interface between the dispenser and coolant surface. The technology can also control the temperature of the pool of liquid coolant and the vertical position of the printing surface and pool of coolant liquid.

Abstract: Volumetric Electromagnetic Phase Shift Spectroscopy (VEPS)-based methods of analyzing a tissue are provided. Aspects of the methods comprise obtaining a VEPS-based tissue classifier, or “signature” for a tissue at a single point in time. These methods find particular use in non-invasively determining the condition of a tissue, e.g. brain tissue, lung tissue, heart tissue, muscle tissue, skin tissue, kidney tissue, cornea tissue, liver tissue, abdomen tissue, head tissue, leg tissue, arm tissue, pelvis tissue, chest tissue, trunk tissue, prostate tissue, breast tissue, esophagus tissue, GI tract tissue, etc., in an individual. Devices and systems thereof that find use in practicing the subject methods are also provided.

Abstract: Example methods and apparatuses are disclosed for providing tissue ablation through electrolysis, electroporation, or a combination thereof. A pulse that has an element of decay may be applied to a target for tissue ablation while the decay is modulated. In some examples, apparatus including a controller and switches may be used to modulate the decay and/or selectively apply the pulse to the target. The apparatus may further include resistors and/or other elements to modulate a magnitude of the pulse and/or a slope of a decay of the pulse.

Abstract: Systems, apparatus and methods for producing objects with cryogenic 3D printing with controllable micro and macrostructure with potential applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and the food industry. The technology can produce complex structures with controlled morphology when the printed 3D object is immersed in a liquid coolant, whose upper surface is maintained at the same level as the highest deposited layer of the object. This ensures that the computer-controlled process of freezing is controlled precisely and already printed frozen layers remain at a constant temperature. The technology controls the temperature, flow rate and volume of the printed fluid emitted by the dispenser that has X-Y positional translation and conditions at the interface between the dispenser and coolant surface. The technology can also control the temperature of the pool of liquid coolant and the vertical position of the printing surface and pool of coolant liquid.

Abstract: Example apparatuses and systems are disclosed for providing controlled delivery of electrolysis treatment and cellular permeabilization treatment to a site in tissue. A system disclosed may include an electrode, a power supply, and a controller. The controller may control a charge applied to the electrode to induce a direct current through the aqueous matrix to produce electrolysis products and a voltage to produce electroporation. The duration and magnitude of the charge applied may determine the dose of the products and the degree of the permeabilization of cells in the treatment site. The composition of the electrodes may be chosen in accordance with the desired products produced and electroporation effects. An apparatus is disclosed that may be in the form of electrodes for electrolysis and electrodes for electroporation applied to the tissue. An apparatus is disclosed that may be used for treating internal tissue.