Abstract: An X-ray apparatus that creates a virtual source having a narrow energy bandwidth and enables a high-resolution X-ray diffraction measurement; a method of using the same; and an X-ray irradiation method are provided. An X-ray apparatus 100 includes a spectrometer 105 that focuses a divergent X-ray beam while dispersing it and a selection part 107 that is installed in a condensing position of the condensed X-ray beam for selecting an X-ray beam having a wavelength in a specific range, allowing it to pass through, and creating a virtual source. With this arrangement, it is possible to create a virtual source having a narrow energy bandwidth at a focal point 110 and by means of the virtual source a high-resolution X-ray diffraction measurement is available. By using the X-ray apparatus 100, it is possible to sufficiently separate an X-ray beam having such an extremely narrow energy bandwidth as, for example, K?1 ray from K?2 ray.

Abstract: A multi-beam x-ray system includes an x-ray source which emits x-rays and a housing with a first part and a second part. The second part is moveable relative to the first part and includes a plurality of optics of different performance characteristics. Each optic, through the movement of the second part relative to the first part, is positioned to a working position so that the optic receives the x-rays from the x-ray source and directs the x-rays with the desired performance attributes to a desired location.

Abstract: An x-ray generating system includes a source of x-ray radiation, a waveguide bundle optic for collimating the x-ray radiation produced by the source, a focusing optic for focusing the collimated x-ray radiation to a focal point.

Abstract: An x-ray optical system includes an x-ray source which emits x-rays, a first optical element which conditions the x-rays to form two beams and at least a second optical element which further conditions at least one of the two beams from the first optical element.

Abstract: An x-ray generating system includes a source of x-ray radiation, a waveguide bundle optic for collimating the x-ray radiation produced by the source, a focusing optic for focusing the collimated x-ray radiation to a focal point.

Abstract: An x-ray beam conditioning system with a first diffractive element and a second diffractive element. The two diffractive elements are arranged in a sequential configuration, and one of the diffractive elements is a crystal. The other diffractive element may be a multilayer optic.

Abstract: An x-ray optical device includes an optic and an adjustable aperture that selectively occludes a portion of an x-ray beam. The adjustable aperture may be positioned between the optic and a sample and may be integrated with the optic or located in close proximity to the optic. The adjustable aperture enables a user to easily and effectively adjust the convergence of the x-rays. In doing so, the flux and resolution of the x-ray optical device can be optimized by using an optic having the maximum convergence allowed for all potential measurements, and then selecting a convergence for a particular measurement by adjusting the aperture.

Abstract: An x-ray beam conditioning system with a first diffractive element and a second diffractive element. The two diffractive elements are arranged in a sequential configuration, and one of the diffractive elements is a crystal. The other diffractive element may be a multilayer optic.

Abstract: The present invention provides an x-ray beam conditioning system with a Kirkpatrick-Baez diffractive optic including two optical elements, of which one of the optical elements is a crystal. The elements are arranged in a side-by-side configuration. The crystal can be a perfect crystal. One or both diffractive elements can be mosaic crystals. One element can be a multilayer optic. For example, the multilayer optic can be an elliptical mirror or a parabolic mirror with graded d-spacing. The graded d-spacing can be either lateral grading or depth grading, or both.

Abstract: The present invention provides an x-ray beam conditioning system with a Kirkpatrick-Baez diffractive optic including two optical elements, of which one of the optical elements is a crystal. The elements are arranged in a side-by-side configuration. The crystal can be a perfect crystal. One or both diffractive elements can be mosaic crystals. One element can be a multilayer optic. For example, the multilayer optic can be an elliptical mirror or a parabolic mirror with graded d-spacing. The graded d-spacing can be either lateral grading or depth grading, or both.

Abstract: An x-ray optical device includes an optic and an adjustable aperture that selectively occludes a portion of an x-ray beam. The adjustable aperture may be positioned between the optic and a sample and may be integrated with the optic or located in close proximity to the optic. The adjustable aperture enables a user to easily and effectively adjust the convergence of the x-rays. In doing so, the flux and resolution of the x-ray optical device can be optimized by using an optic having the maximum convergence allowed for all potential measurements, and then selecting a convergence for a particular measurement by adjusting the aperture.

Abstract: An optical element for diffracting x-rays that includes a substrate, a diffraction structure applied to the substrate, the diffraction structure including an exterior surface facing away from the substrate and the diffraction structure capable of diffracting x-rays and a protective layer applied to the exterior surface.

Abstract: A modular x-ray lens system for use in directing x-rays comprising a radiation source which generates x-rays and a lens system which directs the x-rays, wherein the x-ray lens system may be configured to focus x-rays to a focal point and vary the intensity of said focal point.

Abstract: An optical element for diffracting x-rays that includes a substrate, a diffraction structure applied to the substrate, the diffraction structure including an exterior surface facing away from the substrate and the diffraction structure capable of diffracting x-rays and a protective layer applied to the exterior surface.

Abstract: A multilayer mirror 1 that has elliptical reflection faces and provides a divergent angle &dgr; of X-rays, is included. The elliptical reflection faces of the multilayer mirror 1 have two focal points. When an X-ray source 2 is arranged at one focal point A, and X-rays that are diverged from the X-ray source 2 are reflected at the multilayer mirror 1, the reflected X-rays converge on another focal point B. The X-ray source 2 is arranged at one focal point A of the multilayer mirror 1. Additionally, a distance L2 from the center of the reflection faces of the multilayer mirror 1 to another focal point B (in other words, convergent point of reflected X-rays) is set to make a convergent angle &thgr;c of X-rays at the focal point B nearly twice as great as the divergent angle &dgr;. With the above-noted configuration, both small angle resolution and intensity of incident X-rays to a sample may be optimized, and small angle scattering may be performed with high precision.

Abstract: An electromagnetic reflector having a multilayer structure where the electromagnetic reflector is configured to reflect multiple electromagnetic frequencies.

Abstract: An electromagnetic reflector having a multilayer structure where the electromagnetic reflector is configured to reflect multiple electromagnetic frequencies.

Abstract: A modular x-ray lens system for use in directing x-rays comprising a radiation source which generates x-rays and a lens system which directs the x-rays, wherein the x-ray lens system may be configured to focus x-rays to a focal point and vary the intensity of said focal point.

Abstract: A modular x-ray lens system for use in directing x-rays comprising a radiation source which generates x-rays and a lens system which directs the x-rays, wherein the x-ray lens system may be configured to focus x-rays to a focal point and vary the intensity of said focal point.

Abstract: An x-ray diffractometer system comprising an x-ray optic which directs x-rays, a sample placed into said directed x-rays, wherein said sample diffracts said directed x-rays, creating a diffraction pattern, a translation stage coupled to said sample for moving said sample within said directed x-rays, whereby the resolution, angular range, and intensity of said diffraction pattern may be adjusted, and an x-ray detector for registering said diffraction pattern.