Abstract: An improved solar-selective layer and method for producing the same on suitable substrates is discussed. In accordance with this invention, a metal layer is first of all deposited on a suitable substrate of a collector and is then oxidized at elevated temperature and pressure.

Abstract: A method for the production of homogeneous coatings of a substance comprising at least two metals and/or metal compounds on a substrate, which method comprises depositing the substance from a gas or liquid phase from dinuclear or polynuclear mixed metal compounds via a four step process comprising heating the substance to 85-90% of a final temperature over a period of 5 to 20 minutes, reducing the temperature to a second temperature which is 2/3 of said final temperature, maintaining the second temperature for 11/2 to 21/2 hours, raising the second temperature over a period of 20 to 40 minutes, and maintaining the final temperature for 1 to 2 hours. The coated materials are, for example, useful for coating solar collectors with an .alpha. of at least 0.70 and an .epsilon. no greater than 0.30.

Abstract: To recover a hydroformylation catalyst system containing rhodium and phosphine, the aqueous solution containing the catalyst system is mixed with acid and then extracted with an amine which is dissolved in an organic solvent. The organic phase is separated and treated with the aqueous solution of an inorganic base, thereby recovering the catalyst in essentially pure form as an aqueous solution.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of mono, di or trisulfonated aryl phosphines whereby triaryl phosphine is sulfonated with oleum at 0.degree. to 40.degree. C. After dilution of the reaction product with water, the sulfonated triaryl phosphine is extracted with an amine dissolved in an organic solvent; both the amine and organic solvent being insoluble in water. From the organic phase the sulfonated phosphine is transferred to the aqueous phase by treatment with an aqueous solution of a base.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the stabilization of a carbonaceous combustible solid-diesel fuel suspension by inclusion therein of wax-like polymers in an amount of at least 0.2% by weight of the stabilized suspension. The polymers preferred are homopolymers of .alpha. -olefins, and copolymers of ethylene and at least one other monomer copolymerizable therewith wherein the ethylene portion constitutes at least 60% by weight of the copolymer.

Abstract: Method for manufacturing solar absorption layers by electrodeposition of heavy metals, such as Ni and Co, from aqueous citrate solutions. The heavy metal citrates are produced by direct reaction of metal oxides or carbonates with citric acid. The electrolyte concentration is a maximum 5% and has a pH of between 8 and 11. The deposition process takes place at room temperature, bath voltages of 8 to 30 V, and current densities of 3 to 10 A/dm.sup.2. The layers produced by this method are well bonded black layers resistant to temperatures up to 700.degree. C.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing ethanol and n-propanol by reacting methanol with carbon monoxide and hydrogen at elevated pressure and temperature. A system consisting of a cobalt compound, a ruthenium compound, an iodide, and an organic phosphine serves as the catalyst. The organic phosphine contains a group having a --SO.sub.3 M, --COOM or --OSO.sub.3 M radical.

Abstract: A polyol composition comprising a solid polyol which is crystalline under normal conditions and, as an anti-caking agent therefor, a tertiary amine containing at least two identical organic substituents, each having two to twenty carbon atoms. A method of preventing caking of polyols is disclosed wherein to such polyols there is added at least one of such tertiary amines, preferably in a concentration of 0.05 to 0.25 percent by weight based on the weight of the polyol.

Abstract: An improved process for the production of a gas mixture containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide by endothermal partial oxidization of an organic compound with steam and/or carbon dioxide is disclosed wherein at least a portion of the heat required for the partial oxidation is obtained by direct heat exchange with products obtained from the gasification of a carbonaceous ash-forming fuel with oxygen in the presence of steam.

Abstract: A method for the production of ethanol or propanol comprising the reaction of methanol with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. The catalyst contains a cobalt compound, a ruthenium compound, iodine or an iodide, and a bi-dentate organic phosphine or phosphite. The reaction is carried out at 150.degree. to 250.degree. C., 200 to 600 bars, and in the presence of 5 to 25% by weight of water, based on the methanol.

Abstract: The conventional process for the preparation of unsaturated hydrocarbons comprises catalytic hydrogenation of carbon oxides at 220.degree. to 500.degree. C. and pressures of up to 30 bars. It has been found that, by carrying out the foregoing reaction in the presence of at least one low molecular weight aliphatic alcohol, the yield of olefins and the catalyst life are substantially and surprisingly improved.

Abstract: An improved process for the preparation of 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol is disclosed wherein hydrogen peroxide and 2,3-dimethylbutene are reacted with formic acid at 50.degree. to 70.degree. C. while stirring, the 2,3-dimethylbutene and hydrogen peroxide being introduced into the formic acid simultaneously but separately. The diol can be obtained by hydrolysis of the pinacol monoformate formed.

Abstract: A process is described for the polymerization of ethylene or copolymerization of ethylene with a C.sub.3 to C.sub.15 alpha olefin in solution, suspension or in the gas phase at 20.degree. to 250.degree. C. and 1 to 100 bars in the presence of a mixed catalyst comprising a separately produced halogen-containing titanium(III) compound and an organoaluminum compound while controlling the molecular weight with oxygen, wherein a mixture of organoaluminum compounds is employed comprising a halogen-containing aluminum alkyl and a trialkyl aluminum compound in a molar ratio of 1:0.05 to 1:20, the combined amount of organoaluminum compounds being present in an amount of 0.01 to 20 moles per one mole of halogen-containing Ti(III) compound.

Abstract: An improvement in a process for the preparation of an ethylene homopolymer or a copolymer of ethylene with an .alpha.-olefin containing 3 to 15 carbon atoms by contacting the monomer or mixture of monomers in solution, suspension or in gas phase at 20.degree. to 250.degree. C. at a pressure of 1 to 50 bar with a mixed catalyst comprising a chlorine containing titanium (III) compound and an organoaluminum compound in the presence of hydrogen, the improvement residing in employing as the organoaluminum compound a trialkylaluminum compound in an amount of 0.1 to 20 mol per mol titanium (III) compound and including in the polymerization mixture oxygen at a concentration of 0.001 to 0.1 volume percent based upon the amount of ethylene. By carrying out the polymerization by including oxygen in the polymerization reaction mixture and employing trialkylaluminum compound as the organoaluminum compound the mean molecular weight of the polymer can be regulated while obtaining a desired molecular weight distribution.

Abstract: In a process for the production of ethanol and n-propanol by conversion of methanol with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst containing cobalt, platinum, at least one halogen or halide, and an organic phosphine or phosphite, the improvement comprising the halogen or halide being chlorine or a chloride, and the phosphine or phosphite being bidentate. In addition, the conversion is carried out at pressures of 200 to 800 bars in the presence of 5 to 25% by weight of water, based on the methanol.

Abstract: In a process for the preparation of 3-(4-methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl) butyraldehyde by hydroformylation of limonene in the presence of a catalyst containing a metal of Group VIII of the Periodic Table, the improvement wherein a rhodium carbonyl complex containing additionally a triphenyl and/or trialkyl phosphine as ligands is used as catalyst and the reaction is conducted at a pressure of 100 to 350 bars and at a temperature of 110.degree. to 160.degree. C., the triphenyl or trialkyl phosphines or mixture thereof being present in an amount of 10 to 50 moles per gram atom of rhodium in the reaction mixture.

Abstract: A process is described for preparing aldehyde by hydroformylation of olefins, in which the olefins together with carbon monoxide, hydrogen and paraffins are introduced into a solution of rhodium carbonyl-triphenylphosphine complexes as catalyst and phosphines as solvent, the improvement wherein the gas stream entering the catalyst solution contains 5 to 30% by volume of paraffins with 1 to 5 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A process for preparing 3- or 4-formyltricyclo-[5,2,1,0.sup.2,6 ]-decene-8 which comprises contacting dicyclopentadiene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a rhodium catalyst at 110.degree. to 150.degree. C. and 50 to 400 atmospheres, said catalyst being present in an amount of 1 to 30 ppm of rhodium, based upon the amount of dicyclopentadiene employed, said rhodium being present in the form of an organic phosphine-carbon monoxide containing complex.

Abstract: A process for preparing carboxylic acids by the oxidative conversion of the corresponding aldehydes comprises oxidizing the aldehydes in the presence of a catalyst comprising the anion [Fe(CN).sub.5 H.sub.2 O].sup.-3. The catalyst may be selected from [Fe(CN).sub.5 H.sub.2 O].sup.-3, compounds that form [Fe(CN).sub.5 H.sub.2 O].sup.-3 under the reaction conditions, and their salts. The catalyst is useful for the oxidation of aldehydes with oxygen or oxygen-containing gases. The present process permits the use of lower reaction times and temperatures, and reduces the formation of undesirable reaction by-products.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an aldehyde of the formula R--CH(CH.sub.3)--CHO where R is a straight-chain alkyl group having 7 to 12 carbon atoms by reaction of an olefin of the formula R--CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 where the carbon monoxide and hydrogen is described, the process being carried out in the presence of a complex phosphine containing rhodium compound as catalyst. After the reaction has been performed the reaction product is subjected to a thermal treatment at 100.degree. to 190.degree. C., if desired after previous separation of the catalyst.