Abstract: A water heater system includes a tank having internal capacity no greater than 1 gallon, a water inlet, and a water outlet. A flow of water into the tank through the water inlet and out of the tank through the water outlet is a downstream water flow. An absence of downstream water flow is a standby condition of the water heater. The water heater includes a heating element for heating water in the tank, a first temperature sensor positioned to sense a temperature of the water flowing into the tank, and a second temperature sensor positioned to sense a temperature of the water flowing out of the tank. The water heater further includes a damper upstream of the second temperature sensor to reduce fluctuations in the temperature readings of the second temperature sensor to reduce false detection of downstream water flow.

Abstract: A method for providing an auxiliary benefit to a consumer includes providing a personal care article (22) which has a liquid-permeable topsheet layer (36), a backsheet layer (38) operatively connected with the topsheet layer (36), and a removable layer (42) which is releasably connected to the personal care article (22). A redemption certificate (44) is provided on the removable layer (42). Also provided are conversion instructions for employing the redemption certificate (44) to obtain a separately provided item of perceived, additional benefit. The item of benefit is provided separate from the personal care article (22).

Abstract: Use of alkali metal carbonates to stabilize aqueous solutions of alkali metal aluminates.