Abstract: An electrical energy storage system, a controller, and methods of using the same are provided. The system includes battery packs connected in parallel, one or more battery power management unit, one or more power converters, and a controller. The controller includes one or more processor and at least one tangible, non-transitory machine readable medium encoded with one or more programs configured to perform steps for discharging or charging. The steps include: reading data including state of health (SOH) and state of charge (SOC) from each battery pack, connecting a respective battery pack with a respective power converter; receiving a power command from an energy management system, calculating a respective power rate of each battery pack based on the data of SOH, SOC, and the power command, and discharging power from battery packs to a grid or charging power to battery packs based on the power rate of each battery pack.

Abstract: A controller, a system including such a controller, and a method for controlling discharging of a plurality of battery packs are provided. The controller includes one or more processor and at least one tangible, non-transitory machine readable medium encoded with one or more programs configured to perform steps to determine a respective discharge power or discharge share for each battery pack for maximizing objective function (J) of the plurality of battery packs defined in Equation (1). The controller provides signals with instructions to the plurality of battery packs and/or the one or more power converters for discharging power from the plurality of battery packs based on the respective discharging share and power of each battery pack and/or keeping a certain battery pack idle.

Abstract: A controller, a system including such a controller, and a method for controlling discharging of a plurality of battery packs are provided. The controller includes one or more processor and at least one tangible, non-transitory machine readable medium encoded with one or more programs configured to perform steps to determine a respective discharge power or discharge share for each battery pack for maximizing objective function (J) of the plurality of battery packs defined in Equation (1). The controller provides signals with instructions to the plurality of battery packs and/or the one or more power converters for discharging power from the plurality of battery packs based on the respective discharging share and power of each battery pack and/or keeping a certain battery pack idle.

Abstract: A controller, a system including such a controller, and a method for controlling or managing discharge or charge of a plurality of battery packs are provided. The controller includes one or more processor and at least one tangible, non-transitory machine readable medium encoded with one or more programs configured to perform steps to determine a respective power discharge or charge for each battery packs based on characteristic data of each battery pack, a power demand, and the first weighting factor (a) and the second weighting factor (b) for power assignment based on voltage and state of charge of each battery pack. The controller provides signals with instructions to the plurality of battery packs and/or the one or more power converters for discharging power from or charging power to the plurality of battery packs.

Abstract: A controller, a system including such a controller, and a method for controlling or managing discharge or charge of a plurality of battery packs are provided. The controller includes one or more processor and at least one tangible, non-transitory machine readable medium encoded with one or more programs configured to perform steps to determining a voltage distribution parameter of each battery pack based on its maximum voltage, its minimum voltage for discharge, and a present voltage, assign ranks to the plurality of battery packs based on the voltage distribution parameters, and determine a respective power discharge or charge based on the rank of each battery pack and a total power demand. The controller provides signals with instructions to the plurality of battery packs and/or the one or more power converters for discharging power from or charging power to the plurality of battery packs.

Abstract: A controller, a system including such a controller, and a method for controlling discharging of a plurality of battery packs are provided. The controller includes one or more processor and at least one tangible, non-transitory machine readable medium encoded with one or more programs configured to perform steps to minimize a corresponding voltage gradient versus charge of each battery pack to be below a predetermined threshold, and calculate a respective discharging share of each battery pack based on the charge and the voltage in an updated curve of voltage versus charge of each battery pack and the total power demand. The controller provides signals with instructions to the plurality of battery packs and/or the one or more power converters for discharging power from the plurality of battery packs based on the respective discharging share of each battery pack and/or keeping a certain battery pack idle.

Abstract: A controller, a system including such a controller, and a method for controlling discharging of a plurality of battery packs are provided. The controller includes one or more processor and at least one tangible, non-transitory machine readable medium encoded with one or more programs configured to perform steps to determining a voltage distribution parameter of each battery pack based on its maximum voltage, its minimum voltage for discharge, and a present voltage, and calculate a respective discharging share of each battery pack based on the voltage distribution parameter and the maximum total rated power of each battery pack. The controller provides signals with instructions to the plurality of battery packs and/or the one or more power converters for discharging power from the plurality of battery packs based on the respective discharging share and power of each battery pack and/or keeping a certain battery pack idle.

Abstract: A battery power management unit (BPMU), an electrical energy storage system comprising one or more such BPMUs, and method of using the same are provided. Such a BPMU includes a microcontroller and one or more processors having at least one tangible, non-transitory machine readable medium encoded with one or more programs. The BPMU is configured to perform steps of: reading data from the internal BMU of a respective battery pack to establish capacity, an energy baseline, state of health (SOH), and an initial value of state of charge (SOC) of the respective battery pack, checking voltage and current at a time interval, calculating power of the respective battery pack, determining and updating battery date such as SOH and SOC, and transmitting updated battery data to a system controller for controlling discharging power from or charging power to the respective battery pack.

Abstract: An electrical energy storage system, a controller, and methods of using the same are provided. The system includes battery packs connected in parallel, one or more battery power management unit, one or more power converters, and a controller. The controller includes one or more processor and at least one tangible, non-transitory machine readable medium encoded with one or more programs configured to perform steps for discharging or charging. The steps include: reading data including state of health (SOH) and state of charge (SOC) from each battery pack, connecting a respective battery pack with a respective power converter; receiving a power command from an energy management system, calculating a respective power rate of each battery pack based on the data of SOH, SOC, and the power command, and discharging power from battery packs to a grid or charging power to battery packs based on the power rate of each battery pack.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of fuel cell stacks and stack tower or module, in particular to a sealing structure for stack tower and a stack tower. The sealing structure comprises a first component, a second component and a mica spacer, the first component and the second component are opposite to each other, the mica spacer is disposed between the first component and the second component, sealing part is arranged between the mica spacer and at least one of the first component and the second component, and the sealing part comprises a glass ceramic layer and an outer circumferential ceramic cement ring surrounding the glass cement layer; the sealing structure for stack tower has excellent sealing performance and service durability for a fuel cell system.

Abstract: A portable medical refrigerator is provided that includes a cooling chamber having a housing, insulation and a cavity, where the insulation dissipates heat from the cooling chamber and insulates the cooling chamber, where the insulation includes a material and thickness disposed to hold the cooling chamber at a desired temperature, where the thickness of the insulation is according to an amount of heat entering the cooling chamber from the ambient surroundings, a thermoelectric cooling (TEC) device having a heat sink fan, and a planar heat pipe, where a first end of the planar heat pipe is connected to the cooling chamber and a second end of the planar heat pipe is connected to the TEC, where the TEC is disposed away from the cooling chamber, where the first end of the planar heat pipe is disposed to draw heat from the insulation to enable attainment of the desired temperature.

Abstract: A portable medical refrigerator is provided that includes a cooling chamber having a housing, insulation and a cavity, where the insulation dissipates heat from the cooling chamber and insulates the cooling chamber, where the insulation includes a material and thickness disposed to hold the cooling chamber at a desired temperature, where the thickness of the insulation is according to an amount of heat entering the cooling chamber from the ambient surroundings, a thermoelectric cooling (TEC) device having a heat sink fan, and a planar heat pipe, where a first end of the planar heat pipe is connected to the cooling chamber and a second end of the planar heat pipe is connected to the TEC, where the TEC is disposed away from the cooling chamber, where the first end of the planar heat pipe is disposed to draw heat from the insulation to enable attainment of the desired temperature.