Abstract: First content containing a plurality of list items in one or more lists can be parsed for conjunctions and implied list indicators. One or more modifications can occur at one or more conjunctions or implied list indicators. The one or more modifications can comprise one or more of expanding text, contracting text, and replacing text. The one or more modifications can generate second content conducive to natural language processing operations.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method, a computer program product, and a computer system for identifying information gaps in corpora. A computer receives a document and extracts keywords from the document while filtering trivial keywords. The computer identifies and extracts top keywords detailed by the document using a topic modelling approach before determining whether the extracted top keywords exceed a threshold use frequency. Based on determining that the top keywords exceed a threshold use frequency, determining whether the top keywords have a relation to other entities within the document and, if so, determining whether the top keywords are defined within the document. Based on determining that the top keywords are not defined in the document, adding the top keywords to a list and defining the top keywords.

Abstract: A mechanism is provided for improving predicate parses (or logical representations of a passage) using semantic knowledge. In response to encountering an ambiguous decision point during a syntactic analysis of a portion of natural language content, a candidate meaning of the ambiguous decision point is generated. Characteristics of the ambiguous decision point are evaluated based on a semantic knowledge base to determine a semantic meaning associated with the ambiguous decision point. A determination is made as to whether the semantic meaning supports or refutes the candidate meaning. In response to determining that the semantic meaning refutes the candidate meaning, the candidate meaning of the ambiguous decision point is overridden based on the semantic meaning to include the semantic meaning as a final meaning for the ambiguous decision point. The portion of natural language content is then processed based on the final meaning for the ambiguous decision point.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method, a computer program product, and a computer system for extracting natural language relations between entities. A computer receives a configuration for associating one or more natural language questions with one or more entities and identifies the one or more entities annotated within a document. The computer answers the natural language questions associated with the identified one or more entities based on context surrounding the identified one or more entities. The computer may further transmit the natural language questions associated with the identified one or more entities and the surrounding context to a question and answer service, then receive answers to the natural language questions from the question and answer service. The computer may further determine whether the received answers correctly describe the relation between the identified one or more entities and other entities within the extracted surrounding context.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method, a computer program product, and a computer system for ranking inclusion and exclusion criteria based on problematic language. A computer receives criteria and identifies semantic entailment between two or more criteria. The computer further identifies inclusionary criteria that appear as exclusionary criteria and exclusionary criteria that is difficult to interpret. The computer additionally identifies criteria having hypothetical, time specific, or complex language. Based on the computer identifying inclusionary criteria that appears as exclusionary criteria, exclusionary criteria that is difficult to interpret, or criteria having hypothetical, time specific, or complex language, the computer ranks the subject criteria based on the identified problematic language and presents the ranked criteria.

Abstract: A mechanism is provided for improving predicate parses (or logical representations of a passage) using semantic knowledge. In response to encountering an ambiguous decision point during a syntactic analysis of a portion of natural language content, a candidate meaning of the ambiguous decision point is generated. Characteristics of the ambiguous decision point are evaluated based on a semantic knowledge base to determine a semantic meaning associated with the ambiguous decision point. A determination is made as to whether the semantic meaning supports or refutes the candidate meaning. In response to determining that the semantic meaning refutes the candidate meaning, the candidate meaning of the ambiguous decision point is overridden based on the semantic meaning to include the semantic meaning as a final meaning for the ambiguous decision point. The portion of natural language content is then processed based on the final meaning for the ambiguous decision point.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method, a computer program product, and a computer system for answering compound questions. A computer receives a compound question and identifies one or more sub questions. The computer identifies natural language processing features of the compound questions and generates a logical representation of the compound question. The computer retrieves and ranks candidate answers to the one or more sub questions and evaluates them in the context of other sub questions, then provides final answers to the one or more sub questions.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method, a computer program product, and a computer system for extracting natural language relations between entities. A computer receives a configuration for associating one or more natural language questions with one or more entities and identifies the one or more entities annotated within a document. The computer answers the natural language questions associated with the identified one or more entities based on context surrounding the identified one or more entities. The computer may further transmit the natural language questions associated with the identified one or more entities and the surrounding context to a question and answer service, then receive answers to the natural language questions from the question and answer service. The computer may further determine whether the received answers correctly describe the relation between the identified one or more entities and other entities within the extracted surrounding context.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method, a computer program product, and a computer system for ranking inclusion and exclusion criteria based on problematic language. A computer receives criteria and identifies semantic entailment between two or more criteria. The computer further identifies inclusionary criteria that appear as exclusionary criteria and exclusionary criteria that is difficult to interpret. The computer additionally identifies criteria having hypothetical, time specific, or complex language. Based on the computer identifying inclusionary criteria that appears as exclusionary criteria, exclusionary criteria that is difficult to interpret, or criteria having hypothetical, time specific, or complex language, the computer ranks the subject criteria based on the identified problematic language and presents the ranked criteria.

Abstract: First content containing a plurality of list items in one or more lists can be parsed for conjunctions and implied list indicators. One or more modifications can occur at one or more conjunctions or implied list indicators. The one or more modifications can comprise one or more of expanding text, contracting text, and replacing text. The one or more modifications can generate second content conducive to natural language processing operations.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method, a computer program product, and a computer system for identifying information gaps in corpora. A computer receives a document and extracts keywords from the document while filtering trivial keywords. The computer identifies and extracts top keywords detailed by the document using a topic modelling approach before determining whether the extracted top keywords exceed a threshold use frequency. Based on determining that the top keywords exceed a threshold use frequency, determining whether the top keywords have a relation to other entities within the document and, if so, determining whether the top keywords are defined within the document. Based on determining that the top keywords are not defined in the document, adding the top keywords to a list and defining the top keywords.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method, a computer program product, and a computer system for extracting natural language relations between entities. A computer receives a configuration for associating one or more natural language questions with one or more entities and identifies the one or more entities annotated within a document. The computer answers the natural language questions associated with the identified one or more entities based on context surrounding the identified one or more entities. The computer may further transmit the natural language questions associated with the identified one or more entities and the surrounding context to a question and answer service, then receive answers to the natural language questions from the question and answer service. The computer may further determine whether the received answers correctly describe the relation between the identified one or more entities and other entities within the extracted surrounding context.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method, a computer program product, and a computer system for extracting natural language relations between entities. A computer receives a configuration for associating one or more natural language questions with one or more entities and identifies the one or more entities annotated within a document. The computer answers the natural language questions associated with the identified one or more entities based on context surrounding the identified one or more entities. The computer may further transmit the natural language questions associated with the identified one or more entities and the surrounding context to a question and answer service, then receive answers to the natural language questions from the question and answer service. The computer may further determine whether the received answers correctly describe the relation between the identified one or more entities and other entities within the extracted surrounding context.

Abstract: First content containing a plurality of list items in one or more lists can be parsed for conjunctions and implied list indicators. One or more modifications can occur at one or more conjunctions or implied list indicators. The one or more modifications can comprise one or more of expanding text, contracting text, and replacing text. The one or more modifications can generate second content conducive to natural language processing operations.

Abstract: A mechanism is provided for improving predicate parses (or logical representations of a passage) using semantic knowledge. In response to encountering an ambiguous decision point during a syntactic analysis of a portion of natural language content, a candidate meaning of the ambiguous decision point is generated. Characteristics of the ambiguous decision point are evaluated based on a semantic knowledge base to determine a semantic meaning associated with the ambiguous decision point. A determination is made as to whether the semantic meaning supports or refutes the candidate meaning. In response to determining that the semantic meaning refutes the candidate meaning, the candidate meaning of the ambiguous decision point is overridden based on the semantic meaning to include the semantic meaning as a final meaning for the ambiguous decision point. The portion of natural language content is then processed based on the final meaning for the ambiguous decision point.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method, a computer program product, and a computer system for identifying information gaps in corpora. A computer receives a document and extracts keywords from the document while filtering trivial keywords. The computer identifies and extracts top keywords detailed by the document using a topic modelling approach before determining whether the extracted top keywords exceed a threshold use frequency. Based on determining that the top keywords exceed a threshold use frequency, determining whether the top keywords have a relation to other entities within the document and, if so, determining whether the top keywords are defined within the document. Based on determining that the top keywords are not defined in the document, adding the top keywords to a list and defining the top keywords.

Abstract: A mechanism is provided for improving predicate parses (or logical representations of a passage) using semantic knowledge. In response to encountering an ambiguous decision point during a syntactic analysis of a portion of natural language content, a candidate meaning of the ambiguous decision point is generated. Characteristics of the ambiguous decision point are evaluated based on a semantic knowledge base to determine a semantic meaning associated with the ambiguous decision point. A determination is made as to whether the semantic meaning supports or refutes the candidate meaning. In response to determining that the semantic meaning refutes the candidate meaning, the candidate meaning of the ambiguous decision point is overridden based on the semantic meaning to include the semantic meaning as a final meaning for the ambiguous decision point. The portion of natural language content is then processed based on the final meaning for the ambiguous decision point.

Abstract: A computer processor may receive medical data including a report and an image. The computer processor may analyze the report using natural language processing to identify a condition and a corresponding criterion. The computer processor may also analyze the image using an image processing model to generate an image analysis. The computer processor may determine whether the report has a potential problem by comparing the image analysis to the criterion.

Abstract: A computer processor may receive medical data including a report and an image. The computer processor may analyze the report using natural language processing to identify a condition and a corresponding criterion. The computer processor may also analyze the image using an image processing model to generate an image analysis. The computer processor may determine whether the report has a potential problem by comparing the image analysis to the criterion.

Abstract: First content containing a plurality of list items in one or more lists can be parsed for conjunctions and implied list indicators. One or more modifications can occur at one or more conjunctions or implied list indicators. The one or more modifications can comprise one or more of expanding text, contracting text, and replacing text. The one or more modifications can generate second content conducive to natural language processing operations.