Abstract: A method for fracturing formations near a shallow horizontal well notches a wellbore at orientations such that later applied hydraulic pressure generates fractures only in preferred directions.

Abstract: A process for cyclically operating injection and withdrawal wells penetrating contaminated zones. A high flowrate portion of the cycle time preferably does not exceed a transient response period for in-situ formation fluids to achieve a quasi-steady state conditions. A low flowrate portion of the cycle time limits fluid flowrate which allows in-situ formation fluids to at least partially return to the zone affected by the high flowrate portion of the cycle. The cyclic operation produces improved remediation when compared to continuous operation of wells at similar operating conditions.

Abstract: A continuous vapor sensor is assembled within a partially open protective enclosure which restricts (but does not exclude) the entry of liquid and means for excluding liquid from a portion of the enclosure, such as a non-wetting attachment material. The assembly allows the use of a continuous sensor which is adversely impacted by liquid contact in locations where the assembly may be immersed. The enclosure traps a sufficient amount of vapor to maintain a minimum vapor volume when the enclosure is submerged to a significant depth below a water level. The means for excluding controls the location of the minimum vapor volume to protect the sensor.