Abstract: An apparatus includes a biosensor integrated circuit (IC) chip with sensing zones and/or well structures configured to receive a liquid with biological analytes. The chip includes passivation and etch stop layers with an opening over a channel layer and an array of liquid gated field effect transistors with a 2D channel disposed on a dielectric oxide layer. A conductive drain and a conductive source form edge and/or top side contacts with opposite ends of the 2D channel. The chip further includes reference electrodes formed in a metal layer, configured to contact the liquid, and disposed at a horizontal distance apart from the graphene channels. The transistors are operable to enable a set of measurements to sense parameters of the biological analytes based on changes in a shape of Id-Vgs transconductance curves. A system and a method have similar structures and perform the functions of the apparatus.

Abstract: An apparatus may include a sensor chip fabricated on a semiconductor wafer, the sensor chip may include a graphene channel patterned in a graphene layer disposed on a dielectric substrate. The sensor chip may include a first electrode formed in electrode material so as to form one or more of an edge side contact or a top side contact in electrical contact with a first end of the graphene channel. The sensor chip may include a second electrode formed in electrode material so as to form one or more of an edge side contact or a top-side contact in electrical contact with a second end of the graphene channel. The sensor chip may include an insulation layer that is layered above at least of portion of the graphene layer and is selected from an inorganic oxide layer and an organic layer.

Abstract: An integrated circuit (IC) chip includes ROIC circuitry in a CMOS wafer with a top dielectric layer and at least one graphene field effect transistor (gFET) sensor array added above the CMOS wafer. The IC chip includes access transistors controlled by the ROIC circuitry and further includes sensing circuitry which includes the at least one gFET sensor array and a passivation opening that allows direct contact of a sample liquid with the graphene channels of the gFETs in the at least one gFET sensor array, such that a liquid gate is formed above the graphene channel upon receipt of the sample liquid. In some examples, the IC chip includes a process, memory controller, and memory. A system and a method have similar structures and perform the functions of the apparatus.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a biosensor integrated circuit (IC) chip having multiple well structures configured to receive a liquid comprising one or more biological analytes. The well structures include a passivation layer with an opening over one or more field effect transistors (gFETs) which include a layer of 2D channel material selected from molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and graphene; a drain electrode connected to a first end of the channel; a source electrode connected to a second end of the channel, wherein the individual gFETs are configured such that liquid received by the well structure is confined to form a liquid gate above a top surface of the channel. A system and method perform various functions of the apparatus.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a biosensor integrated circuit (IC) chip with sensing zones and/or well structures configured to receive a liquid with biological analytes. The chip includes passivation and etch stop layers with an opening over a channel layer and an array of liquid gated field effect transistors with a 2D channel disposed on a dielectric oxide layer. A conductive drain and a conductive source form edge and/or top side contacts with opposite ends of the 2D channel. The chip further includes reference electrodes formed in a metal layer, configured to contact the liquid, and disposed at a horizontal distance apart from the graphene channels. The transistors are operable to enable a set of measurements to sense parameters of the biological analytes based on changes in a shape of Id-Vgs transconductance curves. A system and a method have similar structures and perform the functions of the apparatus.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a biosensor integrated circuit (IC) chip with sensing zones and/or well structures configured to receive a liquid with biological analytes. The chip includes a passivation layer with an opening over a channel layer and an array of graphene field effect transistors (gFETs) individually having a 2D graphene channel disposed on a dielectric oxide layer, a conductive drain, and a conductive source. A liquid gate is formed above the top surface of the graphene channel. The chip further includes reference electrodes formed in a metal layer, configured to contact the liquid, and disposed at a horizontal distance apart from the graphene channels. The individual gFETs are operable to enable a set of measurements to sense parameters of the biological analytes based on changes in a shape of Id-Vgs transconductance curves. A system and a method have similar structures and perform the functions of the apparatus.

Abstract: An integrated circuit (IC) chip includes ROIC circuitry in a CMOS wafer with a top dielectric layer and at least one graphene field effect transistor (gFET) sensor array added above the CMOS wafer. The IC chip includes access transistors controlled by the ROIC circuitry and further includes sensing circuitry which includes the at least one gFET sensor array and a passivation opening that allows direct contact of a sample liquid with the graphene channels of the gFETs in the at least one gFET sensor array, such that a liquid gate is formed above the graphene channel upon receipt of the sample liquid. In some examples, the IC chip includes a process, memory controller, and memory. A system and a method have similar structures and perform the functions of the apparatus.

Abstract: Provided are devices and methods featuring a nanoelectronic interface between graphene devices (for example, field effect transistors or FETs) and biomolecules such as proteins, which in turn provides a pathway for production of bioelectronic devices that combine functionalities of the biomolecular and inorganic components. In one exemplary application, one may functionalize graphene FETs with fluorescent proteins to yield hybrids that respond to light at wavelengths defined by the optical absorption spectrum of the protein. The devices may also include graphene in electronic communication with a bio-molecule that preferentially binds to a particular analyte.

Abstract: Provided are devices and methods featuring a nanoelectronic interface between graphene devices (for example, field effect transistors or FETs) and biomolecules such as proteins, which in turn provides a pathway for production of bioelectronic devices that combine functionalities of the biomolecular and inorganic components. In one exemplary application, one may functionalize graphene FETs with fluorescent proteins to yield hybrids that respond to light at wavelengths defined by the optical absorption spectrum of the protein. The devices may also include graphene in electronic communication with a biomolecule that preferentially binds to a particular analyte.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a biosensor integrated circuit (IC) chip with sensing zones and/or well structures configured to receive a liquid with biological analytes. The chip includes a passivation layer with an opening over a channel layer and an array of graphene field effect transistors (gFETs) individually having a 2D graphene channel disposed on a dielectric oxide layer, a conductive drain, and a conductive source. A liquid gate is formed above the top surface of the graphene channel. The chip further includes reference electrodes formed in a metal layer, configured to contact the liquid, and disposed at a horizontal distance apart from the graphene channels. The individual gFETs are operable to enable a set of measurements to sense parameters of the biological analytes based on changes in a shape of Id-Vgs transconductance curves. A system and a method have similar structures and perform the functions of the apparatus.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a biosensor integrated circuit (IC) chip having multiple well structures configured to receive a liquid comprising one or more biological analytes. The well structures include a passivation layer with an opening over one or more field effect transistors (gFETs) which include a layer of 2D channel material selected from molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and graphene; a drain electrode connected to a first end of the channel; a source electrode connected to a second end of the channel, wherein the individual gFETs are configured such that liquid received by the well structure is confined to form a liquid gate above a top surface of the channel. A system and method perform various functions of the apparatus.

Abstract: This invention concerns Chemically-sensitive Field Effect Transistors (ChemFETs) that are preferably fabricated using semiconductor fabrication methods on a semiconductor wafer, and in preferred embodiments, on top of an integrated circuit structure made using semiconductor fabrication methods. The instant ChemFETs typically comprise a conductive source, a conductive drain, and a channel composed of a one-dimensional (1D) or two-dimensional (2D) transistor nanomaterial, which channel extends from the source to the drain and is fabricated using semiconductor fabrication techniques on top of a wafer. The ChemFET also includes a gate, often the gate voltage is provided through a fluid or solution proximate the ChemFET. Such ChemFETs, preferably configured in independently addressable arrays, may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in chemical and/or biological samples, including nucleic acid hybridization and/or sequencing reactions.

Abstract: Disclosed are devices that comprise a protein, such as an antibody, placed into electronic communication with a semiconductor material, such as a carbon nanotube. The devices are useful in assessing the presence or concentration of analytes contacted to the devices, including the presence of markers for prostate cancer and Lyme disease.

Abstract: Chemically-sensitive field effect transistors for biosensor chips and system are disclosed. The itransisitors have a multi-layered structure for performing a set of measurements of a biological reaction involving a binding event for one or more biological analytes that may be label-free. The multilayer structure includes a first insulating layer above a substrate layer and a source electrode and a drain electrode disposed positioned over the first insulating layer; a second insulating layer above the first insulating layer and proximate the source and drain electrodes forming side wall members of a well for a fluid comprising the analytes; a 2D graphene layer forming a channel between source and drain electrodes; a solution gate, formed by fluid flowed over the channel, configured to enable determining differences between one or more sample I-Vg curves having a shifted and changed shape relative to a reference curve; embodiments may include ion-selective membranes and/or ion getters.

Abstract: The present invention provides biomimetic sensor devices that utilize proteins—such G-protein coupled receptors—and are useful in high-sensitivity analysis of analyte-containing samples. These sensors may be used to determine the presence or concentration of one or more analytes in a sample. The invention also includes methods of fabricating the devices and methods of using the devices to assay samples.

Abstract: The present invention provides a broad response single-stranded DNA-graphene chemical sensor device. The present invention also provides methods for improving the ability of graphene to work as a chemical sensor by using single-stranded DNA as a sensitizing agent.

Abstract: The present invention provides biomimetic sensor devices that utilize proteins—such G-protein coupled receptors—and are useful in high-sensitivity analysis of analyte-containing samples. These sensors may be used to determine the presence or concentration of one or more analytes in a sample. The invention also includes methods of fabricating the devices and methods of using the devices to assay samples.

Abstract: The present invention provides biomimetic sensor devices that utilize proteins—such as G-protein coupled receptors—and are useful in high-sensitivity analysis of analyte-containing samples. These sensors may be used to determine the presence or concentration of one or more analytes in a sample. The invention also includes methods of fabricating the devices and methods of using the devices to assay samples.

Abstract: The present invention provides a broad response single-stranded DNA-graphene chemical sensor device. The present invention also provides methods for improving the ability of graphene to work as a chemical sensor by using single-stranded DNA as a sensitizing agent.

Abstract: A method for enhancing a microbial environment for a fuel cell can include the initial step of oxidizing the outer surface of the fuel cell anode to establishing reactive chemical functional groups. The anode surface can be oxidized by washing the anode with a solution of 4-carboxybenzene diazonium tetrafluoroborate, followed by washing with acetone, methanol and water. Once the anode surface has been oxidized, the methods can include the step of binding a surface graft matrix to the reactive chemical functional groups (the activated carboxyl groups on the anode surface). EDAC and sulfo-NHS can be used as a surface graft matrix, to bind to the activated carboxyl groups. A biological substance, such as a biological agent or biomolecule, can be chemically attached to the outer terminal reactive groups of the surface graft matrix. The result is a microbial fuel cell with increased power generation and durability properties.