Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed herein for enhancing interoperability of a plant. Such systems and methods include a carbon emission, capture, transport, and usage model. The carbon emission, capture, transport, and usage model is capable of modeling interrelationships of inputs, outputs, and requirements between a carbon emitting plant, the carbon capture process, a carbon transportation system, and a carbon usage system. The carbon emitting plant is capable of producing a product having a carbonaceous substance. The carbon capture process is capable of capturing at least a portion of the carbonaceous substance from the product as a carbonaceous gas. The carbon transportation system is capable of transporting the carbonaceous gas from the carbon capture process to the carbon usage system. The carbon usage system is capable of receiving the carbonaceous gas transported by the carbon transportation system.

Abstract: A method and system for decreasing the concentration of at least one metal in an aqueous solution. The metal may be molybdenum, tungsten, or both. An aqueous solution is introduced into at least one reaction zone, and at least one source of hydroxide ions is provided into the at least one reaction zone in an amount sufficient to precipitate at least some of the mass of the at least one metal. The aqueous solution includes a mass of the at least one metal and a mass of at least one reducing agent. The at least one reducing agent includes at least ferrous iron from at least one source of the at least one reducing agent. A composition of tungsten ferrite or molybdenum tungsten ferrite may be formed. The method may be used for purifying water, for the refining of metals, or to facilitate a chemical analytical determination.

Abstract: An aqueous solution, for example, effluent from an off-gas scrubber, is treated to remove metal and metalloid ions by in situ precipitation of ferrous ions by the addition thereto of a ferrous ion-containing solution, salt or other such ferrous ion-containing source and a hydroxyl-yielding base in the presence of the metals and metalloids. The reaction conditions include a temperature of at least about 60° C., and a pH of from about 6 to about 10.