Abstract: A method of producing a catalyst can include heating a hydrotalcite above a decomposition temperature, forming a decomposed hydrotalcite in response to the heating, combining the decomposed hydrotalcite with a metal salt to form a catalyst mixture, and heating the catalyst mixture to convert the metal salt to a metal oxide. The resulting metal oxide combined with the decomposed hydrotalcite forms the catalyst.

Abstract: A method of producing a catalyst can include heating a hydrotalcite above a decomposition temperature, forming a decomposed hydrotalcite in response to the heating, combining the decomposed hydrotalcite with a metal salt to form a catalyst mixture, and heating the catalyst mixture to convert the metal salt to a metal oxide. The resulting metal oxide combined with the decomposed hydrotalcite forms the catalyst.

Abstract: A reactive distillation method comprises introducing a feed stream to a reactive distillation column, wherein the feed stream comprises ethanol, contacting the feed stream with one or more catalysts in the reactive distillation column during a distillation, and removing butyl acetate during the distillation from the reactive distillation column as a bottoms stream. The feed stream reacts in the presence of the one or more catalysts to produce a reaction product comprising ethyl acetate, butanol, and water, wherein the butanol and the ethyl acetate react to produce a reaction product comprising the butyl acetate.

Abstract: A reactive distillation method comprises introducing a feed stream to a reactive distillation column, wherein the feed stream comprises ethanol, contacting the feed stream with one or more catalysts in the reactive distillation column during a distillation, and removing butyl acetate during the distillation from the reactive distillation column as a bottoms stream. The feed stream reacts in the presence of the one or more catalysts to produce a reaction product comprising ethyl acetate, butanol, and water, wherein the butanol and the ethyl acetate react to produce a reaction product comprising the butyl acetate.

Abstract: A reactive distillation method comprises introducing an feed stream comprising ethanol to a reactive distillation column, contacting the feed stream with a catalyst in the reactive distillation column during a distillation, where the feed stream reacts in the presence of the catalyst to produce a reaction product comprising ethyl acetate and hydrogen, removing ethyl acetate during the distillation from the reactive distillation column as a bottoms stream, and removing hydrogen during the distillation from the reactive distillation column as an overhead stream.

Abstract: A reactive distillation method comprises introducing a feed stream to a reactive distillation column, contacting the feed stream with one or more catalysts in the reactive distillation column during a distillation, and removing one or more higher alcohols during the distillation from the reactive distillation column as a bottoms stream. The feed stream comprises one or more alpha hydrogen alcohols, and the feed stream reacts in the presence of the one or more catalysts to produce a reaction product comprising the one or more higher alcohols.

Abstract: A reactive distillation method comprises introducing a feed stream to a reactive distillation column, contacting the feed stream with one or more catalysts in the reactive distillation column during a distillation, and removing one or more higher alcohols during the distillation from the reactive distillation column as a bottoms stream. The feed stream comprises one or more alpha hydrogen alcohols, and the feed stream reacts in the presence of the one or more catalysts to produce a reaction product comprising the one or more higher alcohols.

Abstract: A reactive distillation method comprises introducing an feed stream comprising ethanol to a reactive distillation column, contacting the feed stream with a catalyst in the reactive distillation column during a distillation, where the feed stream reacts in the presence of the catalyst to produce a reaction product comprising ethyl acetate and hydrogen, removing ethyl acetate during the distillation from the reactive distillation column as a bottoms stream, and removing hydrogen during the distillation from the reactive distillation column as an overhead stream.