Abstract: In a power failure recovery, the operating state before a power failure and present conditions of a cryopump are determined to initiate a regeneration or startup process. Where the refrigerator was operating before power failure, it is turned on during recovery to condense gases in the cryopump. A startup process is initiated where the cryopump was in a startup process before the power failure and present conditions of the cryopump indicate that the cryopump is sufficiently empty or clean. If the operating state and present conditions indicate that a corrosive or hazardous liquid remains in the cryopump, a regeneration process is initiated. If the cryopump was in a shutdown process before the power failure, the cryopanel of the cryopump is refrigerated to a temperature at which gases sublimate from the cryopanel. The temperature of the cryopanel is then maintained until the gases are removed.

Abstract: A vacuum filter device is disclosed which includes a filter body which is adapted to receive in fluid-tight, sealed relationship a pair of closed containers for solutions to be filtered by a membrane filter positioned within the filter body. A vacuum port in the filter body communicates with the downstream side of the membrane and a venting passageway also located in the filter body communicates with the closed sample container to serve as a vent to atmospheric pressure. The venting passageway is made of an air permeable hydrophobic filter or preferably a small enough opening to prevent the sample solutions from leaking out of the device during normal use.

Abstract: A vacuum filter device is disclosed which includes a filter body which is adapted to receive in fluid-tight, sealed relationship a pair of closed containers for solutions to be filtered by a membrane filter positioned within the filter body. A vacuum port in the filter body communicates with the downstream side of the membrane and a venting passageway also located in the filter body communicates with the closed sample container to serve as a vent to atmospheric pressure. The venting passageway is made of an air permeable hydrophobic filter or preferably a small enough opening to prevent the sample solutions from leaking out of the device during normal use.

Abstract: A vacuum filter device is disclosed which includes a filter body which is adapted to receive in fluid-fight, sealed relationship a pair of closed containers for solutions to be filtered by a membrane filter positioned within the filter body. A vacuum port in the filter body communicates with the downstream side of the membrane and a venting passageway also located in the filter body communicates with the closed sample container to serve as a vent to atmospheric pressure. The venting passageway is made of an air permeable hydrophobic filter or preferably a small enough opening to prevent the sample solutions from leaking out of the device during normal use.

Abstract: A gel electrophoresis cassette is formed of two plates and two spacers between the plates which plates and spacers form a void volume for housing a gel. The spacers are positioned slightly inward of the edges of the plates to form a first and a second small space. A strip and an adhesive are positioned within the small space. When the strips are removed from the small spaces, the adhesive is torn and the plates can be opened manually.

Abstract: A gel electrophoresis cassette is provided having two plates and two spacers between the plates. The spacers are positioned slightly inward of the plate edges to form small edge spaces. A soft adhesive is positioned within the small edge spaces and, subsequent to electrophoresis, the adhesive can be easily removed from the small spaces. The plates and separators then can be separated manually.