Abstract: Described herein are methods, materials, kits, devices, and assays for use in screening, detection, and treatment of diabetes, including diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The amount of a plurality of metabolic markers present in a test sample obtained from the subject is measured, followed by comparing the amount of the metabolic markers present in the test sample to reference levels of the markers; and identifying a subject as susceptible to, or as having, diabetes when the amount of each of the measured markers present in the test sample is increased or decreased relative to the reference levels. Also provided is a method of treating diabetes in a subject when the amount of each of the measured markers present in the test sample is increased or decreased relative to the reference levels.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for screening for and detection of diabetes mellitus in a subject that comprises assaying a test sample of urine from the subject for a metabolic marker of diabetes. An elevated or reduced amount of marker present in the test sample compared to a control sample is indicative of diabetes. The method can be used to screen for gestational diabetes early in pregnancy, or to detect diabetes or susceptibility to diabetes, in pregnant or non-pregnant subjects.