Abstract: In one aspect, medical implant power sources employing reverse electrodialysis principles are described herein. For example, a power source for a medical implant comprises an anode and cathode adjacent to a membrane stack, the membrane stack comprising alternating anion and cation exchange membranes defining diluate and concentrate fluid compartments. The power source includes a first conduit for delivering a diluate blood stream to the one or more diluate fluid compartments and a second conduit for delivering a concentrate blood stream to the one or more concentrate fluid compartments, wherein the concentrate blood stream has an ionic concentration higher than the diluate blood stream.

Abstract: Wastewater treatment systems and methods that include a first sub-system that removes suspended solids and free/soluble oil from wastewater and a second sub-system that removes targeted ions or elements from wastewater. Wastewater treatment systems and methods that include an EDI system, including one or more ion exchange wafer configured to selectively remove a specifically targeted ion to a predetermined maximum level of concentration.