Abstract: An image refractor, system and method are designed to improve refraction tests by allowing an examinee to compare, by viewing through at least one eye, at least two disparate images of the same acuity target, substantially side-by-side and simultaneously. The image refractor incorporates at least two prisms through which the acuity target is viewed. Embodiments may be attached to a standard phoropter and rotated into the visual axis so that the at least two images are produced by a combination of the lenses in the phoropter and the superimposed lenses of the image refractor. Embodiments determine the optimum correction for the sphere, cylinder, and axis of the refraction.

Abstract: A stationary device for transporting charged toner. The device is constructed from alternate conductive and insulative layers, with all layers having a central hole to form a tube when laminated. The conductive layers, numbered modulo n, are connected to a number n of phased clocks so that appropriately charged toner will proceed down the length of the tube.

Abstract: A stationary device for transporting charged toner. The device is constructed from alternate conductive and insulative layers, with all layers having a central hole to form a tube when laminated. The conductive layers, numbered modulo n, are connected to a number n of phased clocks so that appropriately charged toner will proceed down the length of the tube.