Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer-readable storage media for providing high-resolution assessment of the condition of pipes of a fluid distribution down to the individual pipe stick. An acoustic sensor is placed in acoustical communication with a pipe at one end of a target segment. An acoustical wave is generated in the pipe at a first out-of-bracket excitation location while signal data is recorded from the acoustic sensor. Timing information regarding the arrival at the acoustic sensor of reflections of the acoustic wave from pipe joints in the target segment is extracted from the recorded signal data, and a time delay between reflections from consecutive pipe joints is computed. An acoustic propagation velocity in a pipe stick between the consecutive pipe joints is then computed based on the time delay and a length of the pipe stick. A condition of the pipe stick is determined based on the computed acoustic propagation velocity.

Abstract: A nozzle cap spacer for a hydrant nozzle cap includes a spacer body defining an outer body edge, the spacer body defining a spacer body thickness; and a resilient first spacer spring arm extending from the outer body edge and biased away from the spacer body in an extended orientation, wherein the first spacer spring arm defines a first spring arm thickness; wherein the first spring arm thickness of the first spacer spring arm is equal to the spacer body thickness of the spacer body.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer-readable storage media for determining the material of pipe in a non-invasive manner. Two acoustic sensors are attached near either end of a pipe segment. An acoustical wave is generated in the pipe by exciting the pipe system at an out-of-bracket location while signal data from the first and second acoustic sensors is recorded. A speed of sound in the pipe segment and/or an attenuation factor for the pipe segment are computed from the signal data, and a material of the pipe is determined based on the computed speed of sound in the pipe segment and a relationship between speeds of sound in pipes and the materials of the pipes and/or the computed attenuation factor for the pipe segment and a relationship between attenuation factors of pipes and the materials of the pipes.

Abstract: A nozzle cap spacer for a hydrant nozzle cap includes a spacer body defining an outer body edge, the spacer body defining a spacer body thickness; and a resilient first spacer spring arm extending from the outer body edge and biased away from the spacer body in an extended orientation, wherein the first spacer spring arm defines a first spring arm thickness; wherein the first spring arm thickness of the first spacer spring arm is equal to the spacer body thickness of the spacer body.

Abstract: A nozzle cap spacer for a hydrant nozzle cap includes a substantially planar spacer body defining an outer body edge; and a resilient spacer spring arm extending from the outer body edge at a proximal arm end, the spacer spring arm configurable in an extended orientation and a compressed orientation, the spacer spring arm biased to the extended orientation; wherein, in the extended orientation, the nozzle cap spacer defines a substantially oblong shape, and in the compressed orientation, the nozzle cap spacer defines a substantially circular shape.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems for accurate measurement of the bulk modulus of a fluid in a fluid distribution system. An apparatus comprises a pipe, a first endcap, and a second endcap defining a cylindrical cavity, a means for filling the cylindrical cavity with a fluid sample, and a vibrational sensor coupled to an end plate of the second endcap and communicatively connected to a water property measurement system. The vibrational sensor is operable to, subsequent to the filling of the cylindrical cavity with the fluid sample, send a signal representative of sensed vibrations in the end plate of the second endcap to the water property measurement system while an end plate of the first endcap is excited. The water property measurement system computes a frequency response function from the signal and determines a bulk modulus value for the fluid sample based on the frequency response function.

Abstract: An over-pressure protection system includes a main body housing defining a main body chamber configured to receive a fluid therein, wherein the main body housing comprises a spring, the main body housing configurable in a collapsed configuration and an expanded configuration; and a pressure sensor configured to measure a fluid pressure of the fluid, the pressure sensor configurable in an activated mode and a deactivated mode; wherein, in the collapsed configuration, the spring biases main body housing inward at an intermediate point of the main body housing such that the main body housing defines a substantially hourglass shape.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer-readable storage media for accurate time delay estimation using coherent averaging. A plurality of out-of-bracket acoustical impulses are generated in a pipe segment of a fluid distribution system. Signal data representing the acoustical impulses sensed at two locations along the pipe segment are recorded. Precise timings for the generation of the acoustical impulses are obtained, and the acoustical impulses in the signal data recorded from the first location are averaged based on the precise timings to produce a near-sensor average impulse. Similarly, the acoustical impulses in the signal data recorded from the second location are averaged based on the same precise timings to produce a far-sensor average impulse. A time delay between arrival of the plurality of out-of-bracket acoustical impulses at the first and second locations is estimated from the timing of the near-sensor average impulse and the far-sensor average impulse.

Abstract: A nozzle cap spacer for a hydrant nozzle cap includes a spacer body defining an outer body edge, the spacer body defining a spacer body thickness; and a resilient first spacer spring arm extending from the outer body edge and biased away from the spacer body in an extended orientation, wherein the first spacer spring arm defines a first spring arm thickness; wherein the first spring arm thickness of the first spacer spring arm is equal to the spacer body thickness of the spacer body.

Abstract: A nozzle cap spacer for a hydrant nozzle cap includes a substantially planar spacer body defining an outer body edge; and a resilient spacer spring arm extending from the outer body edge at a proximal arm end, the spacer spring arm configurable in an extended orientation and a compressed orientation, the spacer spring arm biased to the extended orientation; wherein, in the extended orientation, the nozzle cap spacer defines a substantially oblong shape, and in the compressed orientation, the nozzle cap spacer defines a substantially circular shape

Abstract: A nozzle cap includes a cap body defining a cap axis, the cap body defining a circumferential wall extending circumferentially around the cap axis; and a vibration sensor including a shaft, the shaft defining a first end and a second end, the first end attached to the circumferential wall, the cap axis positioned closer to the second end than to the first end.

Abstract: A nozzle cap spacer for a hydrant nozzle cap includes a spacer body defining an outer edge and an inner edge, the inner edge defining an opening formed through a center of the spacer body; and a leak path notch formed in the spacer body, the leak path notch extending radially inward from the outer edge of the spacer body.

Abstract: A sensor system can include a sensor module including a vibration sensor; a processor module including a power supply and a processor PCB, the processor module connected in electrical communication with the sensor module by a first cable; and an antenna module including an antenna, the antenna module connected in electrical communication with the processor module by a second cable.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer-readable storage media for performing high-resolution assessment of the condition of pipes of a fluid distribution system using in-bracket excitation. Acoustical impulses are generated in a pipe at two excitation locations along the pipe while signal data is recorded from two acoustic sensors, at least one of the excitation locations being located in-bracket of the two acoustic sensors. A first time delay between the arrival of the acoustical impulses at the two acoustic sensors is computed from the signal data recorded during generation of the impulses at the first excitation location, and a second time delay between the arrival of the impulses at the two sensors is computed from the signal data recorded during generation of the impulses at the second excitation location.

Abstract: An enhanced bird activity station that is more attractive to birds than conventional designs. The bird activity station is provided with a surface that is configured to horizontally polarize any light reflected by the surface. The bird activity station may be a bird feeder with a housing for containing bird food and a platform mounted to the housing. The platform forms the substrate that horizontally polarized the light reflected by the surface and is made from a transparent polymer and a layer of dark paint applied to an opposing side of the substrate from the housing. The bird activity station may also be a bird bath formed from a bowl having a layer of dark paint applied thereto so that any water placed in the bowl will cooperate with the layer of dark paint to horizontally polarize any light reflected by the surface.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer-readable storage media for providing high-resolution assessment of the condition of pipes of a fluid distribution down to the individual pipe stick. An acoustic sensor is placed in acoustical communication with a pipe at one end of a target segment. An acoustical wave is generated in the pipe at a first out-of-bracket excitation location while signal data is recorded from the acoustic sensor. Timing information regarding the arrival at the acoustic sensor of reflections of the acoustic wave from pipe joints in the target segment is extracted from the recorded signal data, and a time delay between reflections from consecutive pipe joints is computed. An acoustic propagation velocity in a pipe stick between the consecutive pipe joints is then computed based on the time delay and a length of the pipe stick. A condition of the pipe stick is determined based on the computed acoustic propagation velocity.

Abstract: An over-pressure protection system includes a main body housing defining a main body chamber configured to receive a fluid therein, wherein the main body housing comprises a spring, the main body housing configurable in a collapsed configuration and an expanded configuration; and a pressure sensor configured to measure a fluid pressure of the fluid, the pressure sensor configurable in an activated mode and a deactivated mode; wherein, in the collapsed configuration, the spring biases main body housing inward at an intermediate point of the main body housing such that the main body housing defines a substantially hourglass shape.

Abstract: A nozzle cap includes a cap body defining a cap axis, the cap body defining a circumferential wall extending circumferentially around the cap axis; and a vibration sensor including a shaft, the shaft defining a first end and a second end, the first end attached to the circumferential wall, the cap axis positioned closer to the second end than to the first end.

Abstract: Example aspects of an over-pressure protection system and a method for operating an over-pressure protection system are disclosed. The over-pressure protection system can comprise a main body housing defining a main body chamber; a fluid received in the main body chamber, the fluid defining a fluid pressure; a pressure sensor configured to measure the fluid pressure of the fluid, the pressure sensor configurable in an activated mode and a deactivated mode; and a control system configured to place the pressure sensor in the deactivated mode when the fluid pressure is equal to or above a pre-determined threshold pressure.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems for accurate measurement of the bulk modulus of a fluid in a fluid distribution system. An apparatus comprises a pipe, a first endcap, and a second endcap defining a cylindrical cavity, a means for filling the cylindrical cavity with a fluid sample, and a vibrational sensor coupled to an end plate of the second endcap and communicatively connected to a water property measurement system. The vibrational sensor is operable to, subsequent to the filling of the cylindrical cavity with the fluid sample, send a signal representative of sensed vibrations in the end plate of the second endcap to the water property measurement system while an end plate of the first endcap is excited. The water property measurement system computes a frequency response function from the signal and determines a bulk modulus value for the fluid sample based on the frequency response function.