Abstract: A method of depositing an extrudate onto a substrate, the method including steps of rotating a stirring tool about an axis of rotation while urging a tool distal end of the stirring tool against the substrate, and wherein the stirring tool defines a bore, extending therethrough; positioning a die adjacent to the stirring tool, such that the stirring tool rotates relative to the die; and passing feedstock through the bore toward the tool distal end.

Abstract: Implementations provide cold spray additive manufacturing (“CSAM”) with gas recovery in situ in an open environment without requiring part disassembly and removal to a repair facility. Recapturing and reusing gas in an open environment reduces costs, rendering CSAM more commercially viable and efficient, and avoids risk of new damage to parts from contemporary pre-existing CSAM processes. A gas recovery nozzle attaches to a supersonic nozzle and sends used gas to a gas recovery sub-system by capturing gas that is deflected on impact with the part during CSAM. Captured gas is stored for reuse. A flexible coupling controls distance from the gas recovery nozzle to a part substrate to prevent (1) nozzle clogging; (2) stationary shock wave interference with gas flow; and (3) gas flow misdirection. The gas recovery nozzle also suppresses disruptive supersonic sounds. Implementations enable capture for later reuse of supersonically-propelled gas during in-situ CSAM in open environments.

Abstract: A method is provided for manufacturing an article. The method comprises depositing by additive friction stir deposition a wear-resistant material on a surface of a preform to provide an intermediate article. The preform comprises a first composition and the wear-resistant material comprises a second composition. The second composition is substantially different from the first composition. The method also comprises machining the intermediate article to remove therefrom at least a portion of the wear-resistant material.

Abstract: Implementations are provided for fabricating a finished workpiece having a shaped portion. One implementation includes: a superplastic formation diffusion bonding (SPFDB) component; a cold spray additive manufacturing (CSAM) component; and a mold having a concavity. Various configurations can operate on a workpiece with the SPFDB and CSAM components in different orders. An implementation is configured to cold spray (with the CSAM component) an additive material onto the workpiece; and perform superplastic forming (with the SPFDB component) on the workpiece with the mold, thereby rendering the workpiece into the finished workpiece having the shaped portion. The shaped portion conforms to a shape defined by the concavity. Cold spraying results in an increased thickness of the finished workpiece in a target region, which can provide structural reinforcement, and which can have a tapered edge. The workpiece can be a metal substrate made of titanium, aluminum, stainless steel, or another material.

Abstract: Implementations are provided for fabricating a finished workpiece having a shaped portion. One implementation includes: a superplastic formation diffusion bonding (SPFDB) component; a cold spray additive manufacturing (CSAM) component; and a mold having a concavity. Various configurations can operate on a workpiece with the SPFDB and CSAM components in different orders. An implementation is configured to cold spray (with the CSAM component) an additive material onto the workpiece; and perform superplastic forming (with the SPFDB component) on the workpiece with the mold, thereby rendering the workpiece into the finished workpiece having the shaped portion. The shaped portion conforms to a shape defined by the concavity. Cold spraying results in an increased thickness of the finished workpiece in a target region, which can provide structural reinforcement, and which can have a tapered edge. The workpiece can be a metal substrate made of titanium, aluminum, stainless steel, or another material.

Abstract: A material compatibility test design system and method, allowing for the testing of characteristics of behavior of materials in extreme environments, the method including concurrently exposing a test specimen to a first environment and a second environment, the test specimen having an outside surface and an inside surface, the inside surface defining an internal volume, includes exposing the outside surface of the test specimen to the first environment for a predetermined period of time, the first environment comprising a first temperature, a first pressure and a first composition. The method further includes exposing the inside surface of the test specimen to the second environment for a second predetermined period of time, the second environment comprising a second temperature, a second pressure and a second composition.

Abstract: Implementations provide gas atomized metal matrix composite (“GAMMC”)-based feedstock for cold spray additive manufacturing (“CSAM”) enabling complex structural repairs. The feedstock is prepared by arranging a metal matrix composite (MMC) material in a gas atomization system, wherein the MMC material includes metal particles and ceramic particles. The feedstock is further prepared by performing gas atomization of the MMC material using the gas atomization system to atomize the MMC material, and producing a feedstock powder comprised of metal particles that are embedded with the ceramic particles from the atomized MMC material. The GAMMC-based feedstock comprises metallic (for binding to the substrate of the damaged part) and ceramic (for reinforcement) particles bonded together such that the ceramic particles bond directly to and within the metallic particles.

Abstract: Implementations provide gas atomized metal matrix composite (“GAMMC”)-based feedstock for cold spray additive manufacturing (“CSAM”) enabling complex structural repairs. The feedstock is prepared by arranging a metal matrix composite (MMC) material in a gas atomization system, wherein the MMC material includes metal particles and ceramic particles. The feedstock is further prepared by performing gas atomization of the MMC material using the gas atomization system to atomize the MMC material, and producing a feedstock powder comprised of metal particles that are embedded with the ceramic particles from the atomized MMC material. The GAMMC-based feedstock comprises metallic (for binding to the substrate of the damaged part) and ceramic (for reinforcement) particles bonded together such that the ceramic particles bond directly to and within the metallic particles.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack is described. The fuel cell stack comprises an interconnect assembly comprising a cathode-side interface coupled to an interconnect via a first joint, and an anode-side interface coupled to the interconnect via a second joint, the interconnect assembly having a first coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) at an interface side of the interconnect assembly. The fuel cell stack further comprises a fuel cell element coupled to the interconnect assembly at the interface side via a hermetic seal, the fuel cell element having a second CTE at the interface side, the first CTE and the second CTE satisfying a predetermined CTE matching condition.

Abstract: A method for loading feedstock bars into an additive friction stir deposition machine (AFSD) is described. The method comprises containing a plurality of feedstock bars in a container disposed adjacent to a spindle of the additive friction stir deposition machine. The method further comprises moving one feedstock bar of the plurality of feedstock bars into axial alignment with the spindle of the additive friction stir deposition machine.

Abstract: A compositionally-graded structure including a body having a first major surface and a second major surface opposed from the first major surface along a thickness axis, the body including a metallic component and a ceramic component, wherein a concentration of the ceramic component in the body is a function of location within the body along the thickness axis, wherein transitions of the concentration of the ceramic component in the body are continuous such that distinct interfaces are not macroscopically established within the body, and wherein the concentration of the ceramic component is at least 95 percent by volume at at least one location within the body along the thickness axis.

Abstract: Implementations are provided for fabricating a finished workpiece having a shaped portion. One implementation includes: a superplastic formation diffusion bonding (SPFDB) component; a cold spray additive manufacturing (CSAM) component; and a mold having a concavity. Various configurations can operate on a workpiece with the SPFDB and CSAM components in different orders. An implementation is configured to cold spray (with the CSAM component) an additive material onto the workpiece; and perform superplastic forming (with the SPFDB component) on the workpiece with the mold, thereby rendering the workpiece into the finished workpiece having the shaped portion. The shaped portion conforms to a shape defined by the concavity. Cold spraying results in an increased thickness of the finished workpiece in a target region, which can provide structural reinforcement, and which can have a tapered edge. The workpiece can be a metal substrate made of titanium, aluminum, stainless steel, or another material.

Abstract: A method of depositing an extrudate onto a substrate, the method including steps of rotating a stirring tool about an axis of rotation while urging a tool distal end of the stirring tool against the substrate, and wherein the stirring tool defines a bore, extending therethrough; positioning a die adjacent to the stirring tool, such that the stirring tool rotates relative to the die; and passing feedstock through the bore toward the tool distal end.

Abstract: In one aspect, an apparatus includes a chamber configured to control one or more of humidity, pressure, or temperature and a jaw configured to flex a material system. The chamber includes an enclosure disposed within the chamber, the enclosure having an insulating material, and a motor or an actuator disposed within the enclosure. The chamber includes an inlet tube coupled with the enclosure at a first end and a first wall of the chamber at a second end. In one aspect, a method for determining material performance includes exposing a material system to a relative humidity of from 0% to 98% and flexing the material system at a first temperature in a chamber, the chamber comprising an enclosure disposed within the chamber and a motor disposed within the enclosure. The method includes operating the motor at a second temperature different from the first temperature during the flexing.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for applying cold spray erosion protection to an airfoil. One embodiment is a method for applying an abrasion coating to a fiber-reinforced composite substrate. The method includes applying a bond layer to the fiber-reinforced composite substrate by emitting, with a supersonic nozzle of a High Pressure Cold Spray (HPCS) system, a first gas stream including a first metal powder at a first speed below supersonic speed. The method further includes applying a cold spray deposit layer to the bond layer by emitting, with the supersonic nozzle, a second gas stream including a second metal powder at a second speed above supersonic speed.

Abstract: Implementations provide cold spray additive manufacturing (“CSAM”)-based fabrication of a complex multi curvature part (“CMCP”) by cold spraying onto a mold. Implementations achieve the desired shape and dimensions of a CMCP having variable surface thicknesses and utilize reinforcements integrated during CSAM. Reinforcements are integral to each CMCP as soon as fabrication is complete, and maintain stiffness, avoid fluttering, and provide other similar benefits. Implementations provide a stiff CMCP with multiple curvatures having fully controllable variable thicknesses. Integral reinforcements added during fabrication avoid tolerance issues by avoiding coupling non-reinforced CMCPs to reinforcements or other post-fabrication adjustments. CSAM-based CMCPs, having directly integrated reinforcements, exhibit superior tolerances that do not need to be re-worked or otherwise corrected after fabrication. Reinforcement attachment methods that have complex load transfer behavior are not necessary.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing system for depositing an extrudate onto a substrate comprises a deposition head. The deposition head comprises a stirring tool, rotatable about an axis of rotation AR and comprising a tool distal end and a tool proximal end, axially opposing the tool distal end along the axis of rotation AR. The stirring tool defines a bore, extending from the tool proximal end to the tool distal end. The bore is configured to receive feedstock, biased toward the tool distal end. The deposition head also comprises a die, which is positioned adjacent to the stirring tool, defines a die axis AD1, and comprises a die distal end and a die proximal end, axially opposing the die distal end along the die axis AD1. The die axis AD1 is parallel with the axis of rotation AR of the stirring tool.

Abstract: An energy storage device includes multiple bulk superconductor rings and at least one superconductor wire coil between the multiple bulk superconductor rings. The multiple bulk superconductor rings and the at least one superconductor wire coil are interconnected to define a closed geometric shape.

Abstract: A method is provided for manufacturing an article. The method comprises depositing by additive friction stir deposition a wear-resistant material on a surface of a preform to provide an intermediate article. The preform comprises a first composition and the wear-resistant material comprises a second composition. The second composition is substantially different from the first composition. The method also comprises machining the intermediate article to remove therefrom at least a portion of the wear-resistant material.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack is described. The fuel cell stack comprises an interconnect assembly comprising a cathode-side interface coupled to an interconnect via a first joint, and an anode-side interface coupled to the interconnect via a second joint, the interconnect assembly having a first coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) at an interface side of the interconnect assembly. The fuel cell stack further comprises a fuel cell element coupled to the interconnect assembly at the interface side via a hermetic seal, the fuel cell element having a second CTE at the interface side, the first CTE and the second CTE satisfying a predetermined CTE matching condition.