Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for high fidelity long-duration autonomous spacecraft navigation relative to a planet's surface and measuring the dynamics of the planet. For a planet like Earth, embodiments of the present disclosure can be used to estimate the unpredictable components of Earth's orientation with respect to the inertial frame. Embodiments of the present disclosure further enable autonomous landmark navigation by providing systems and methods for satellites to autonomously recognize landmarks, using, for example, multiple computer vision approaches to recognize multiple types of landmarks.