Abstract: A processor system power voltage has low idle level as compared to a normal level during an idle mode. Power consumption of the processor during the idle mode is reduced. A power voltage supplied to the processor is increased to a normal level in returning to a normal mode from the idle mode, and a frequency of a clock signal supplied to the processor is decreased in comparison with a normal frequency. As a result, it is possible to prevent misoperation of the processor.

Abstract: Provided are a memory controller for controlling a refresh cycle of a memory and a method thereof. In this method, a temperature measure command is generated to measure an operating temperature of the memory. Next, a measured temperature in response to the temperature measure command is received. Then, a temperature difference between the measured temperature and a reference temperature is detected if the measured temperature is different from the reference temperature to change the refresh cycle according to the temperature difference, and if the measured temperature is equal to the reference temperature the method returns to the temperature measure command generating step. Thereafter, a refresh command is applied to the memory in response to the changed refresh cycle.

Abstract: A processor system power voltage has low idle level as compared to a normal level during an idle mode. Power consumption of the processor during the idle mode is reduced. A power voltage supplied to the processor is increased to a normal level in returning to a normal mode from the idle mode, and a frequency of a clock signal supplied to the processor is decreased in comparison with a normal frequency. As a result, it is possible to prevent misoperation of the processor.

Abstract: Provided are a memory controller for controlling a refresh cycle of a memory and a method thereof. In this method, a temperature measure command is generated to measure an operating temperature of the memory. Next, a measured temperature in response to the temperature measure command is received. Then, a temperature difference between the measured temperature and a reference temperature is detected if the measured temperature is different from the reference temperature to change the refresh cycle according to the temperature difference, and if the measured temperature is equal to the reference temperature the method returns to the temperature measure command generating step. Thereafter, a refresh command is applied to the memory in response to the changed refresh cycle.

Abstract: An analog-to-digital converter includes a reference voltage generator for dividing a voltage between first and second reference voltages by a plurality of resistors serially connected therebetween and providing a plurality of reference voltages at each connecting point of the resistors; a plurality of emitter-coupled comparators for respectively generating a comparative signal by comparing the reference voltages with an analog input signal; and a plurality of constant current sources for respectively supplying an input bias current to each reference voltage input terminal of the emitter-coupled comparators.

Abstract: A voltage-to-current converter makes it possible to control conversion of a voltage to a current by considering the size of a transistor irrespective of supply voltage, input voltage, and fabrication conditions.