Abstract: An electronic device structure having a shielding structure includes a substrate with an electronic component electrically connected to the substrate. The shielding structure includes conductive spaced-apart pillar structures that have proximate ends connected to the substrate and distal ends spaced apart from the substrate, and that are laterally spaced apart from the first electronic component. In one embodiment, the conductive pillar structures are conductive wires attached at one end to the substrate with an opposing end extending away from the substrate so that the conductive wires are provided generally perpendicular to the substrate. A package body encapsulates the electronic component and the conductive spaced-apart pillar structures. In one embodiment, the shielding structure further includes a shielding layer disposed adjacent to the package body, which is electrically connected to the conductive spaced-apart pillar structures.

Abstract: The nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) content of lean-burn engine exhaust is beneficially prepared for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of these oxides to nitrogen by two sidestream additions to the exhaust. An ozone-containing air stream is added to the exhaust to affect oxidation of NO to NO2. And a hydrocarbon(s) fuel constituent is added to a second humidified ozone-containing air stream and that mixture subjected to UV radiation. Strongly oxidizing hydroxyl radicals are formed by interaction of ozone, water, and UV radiation for reaction with the hydrocarbon. The resulting partially oxidized hydrocarbons (Pox) are added to the exhaust, providing effective reduction materials for the SCR of NO2 to nitrogen and water.

Abstract: Raw diesel fuel is reformed to produce partially oxygenated hydrocarbons in the liquid fuel by use of a nonthermal plasma reactor. The reformed diesel fuel is formed by passing a stream of air plasma bubbles through a liquid volume of diesel fuel to strip low molecular weight hydrocarbons from the fuel, while partially oxygenating an abundance of them as a reformate for addition to the exhaust. This reformed diesel fuel is introduced as a sidestream into the exhaust of a diesel engine or other lean-burn power plants as reactants for selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust. Fresh fuel is added to the liquid volume as diesel reformate is stripped from it, and a portion of the stripped fuel is withdrawn from the liquid volume.

Abstract: Ozone, preferably produced in an ambient air stream passed through a non-thermal hyperplasma reactor, is added to the hot exhaust gas stream from a lean-burn (oxygen-rich) combustion source. The ozone converts much of the NO in the NOx containing exhaust stream to NO2. The resulting NO2/NOx ratio can be controlled by the input energy density to the plasma reactor. Ammonia and/or urea is added to the ozone treated exhaust in proportion to the NOx content, and the stream passed into contact with a reduction catalyst, such as a base metal-exchanged zeolite, to convert the NOx to nitrogen.

Abstract: A sidestream located hyper-plasma reactor having an axially discrete pattern of alternating regions of active and passive electric field along the axial direction. The hyper-plasma reactor has great efficacy in terms of ultra low power consumption and copious production of NOx converting aldehydes in the absence of NO by applying plasma power only to an air and hydrocarbon mix sidestream gas flow. Only a small fraction (1% to 2%) of plasma power is required as compared to that for a conventional plasma reactor to treat the full exhaust gas stream. The hyper-plasma reactor produces ozone which reacts subsequently with hydrocarbons to produce aldehydes (“ozonolysis”). The sidestream location of the hyper-plasma reactor allows for the full exhaust stream to bypass it, without significantly affecting the overall NOx conversion performance in the catalytic converter.