Abstract: According to an embodiment of the disclosure, a display device may include an active layer, a gate electrode disposed on the active layer, a first insulating layer disposed on the gate electrode, entirely covering the gate electrode, and including a flat surface, and a second insulating layer disposed on the first insulating layer and including a flat surface, and the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer may include inorganic materials different from each other.

Abstract: A polymerase chain reaction apparatus according to the present invention comprises: a transparent photothermal substrate including a transparent plate having an array of transparent nano-pillars arranged to be spaced apart from each other, and plasmonic metal nano-islands disposed on surfaces including upper surfaces and side surfaces of the nano-pillars; a light source disposed under the photothermal substrate and emitting light to the plasmonic metal nano-islands; and a chamber receiving a fluid heated by the transparent photothermal substrate.