Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a pixel circuit and pixel driving apparatus technology. In this technology, two LEDs are arranged in parallel and selectively used in a hybrid manner in which a PWM (pulse width modulation) scheme for supplying a ramp voltage as a gate voltage for a transistor arranged within a pixel and for turning off the LEDs at the moment when the gate voltage becomes equal to a threshold voltage and a PAM (pulse amplitude modulation) scheme for determining a starting value of the ramp voltage based on a grayscale value of the pixel are combined.

Abstract: A method for issuing a certificate signing request (CSR) certificate in a vehicle-to-anything (V2X) communication environment includes: receiving, at a first server, a certificate issuance request message including vehicle identification information transmitted from a communication module of the vehicle; determining, by a second server, whether a CSR certificate corresponding to the vehicle identification information has already been issued with reference to a database; and determining, by the second server, whether to issue the corresponding CSR certificate or whether to generate an error message, based on the determination of whether the corresponding CSR certificate has already been issued.

Abstract: A method for issuing a reliable certificate to a vehicle for a vehicle-to-anything (V2X) communication in a server on a network comprises receiving a certificate issue request including vehicle identification information and road-side unit (RSU) identification information from an RSU. Log information for the certificate issue request is extracted from a database. Normality or abnormality is determined according to whether a predetermined certificate issue criteria is satisfied by analyzing the certificate issue request and the log information. The certificate is issued and the certificate is transmitted to a vehicle communication module according to determination of normality, or certificate revocation information is registered according to determination of abnormality.

Abstract: A method for issuing a certificate signing request (CSR) certificate in a vehicle-to-anything (V2X) communication environment includes: receiving, at a first server, a certificate issuance request message including vehicle identification information transmitted from a communication module of the vehicle; determining, by a second server, whether a CSR certificate corresponding to the vehicle identification information has already been issued with reference to a database; and determining, by the second server, whether to issue the corresponding CSR certificate or whether to generate an error message, based on the determination of whether the corresponding CSR certificate has already been issued.

Abstract: Provided are a medical suture having micro cogs on a surface thereof and a method of manufacturing the medical suture. The method of manufacturing a medical suture includes steps of: producing a suture preform where micro cogs are formed on a surface thereof by heating and pressing a raw material of a suture for surgery in an overflow mould in a heat-press solid-phase forming method; and producing a suture with twist maintained by applying a tensile force and a rotational force to the suture preform in a vacuum state where a specific temperature condition is maintained.

Abstract: Provided are a medical suture having micro cogs on a surface thereof and a method of manufacturing the medical suture. The method of manufacturing a medical suture includes steps of: producing a suture preform where micro cogs are formed on a surface thereof by heating and pressing a raw material of a suture for surgery in an overflow mould in a heat-press solid-phase forming method; and producing a suture with twist maintained by applying a tensile force and a rotational force to the suture preform in a vacuum state where a specific temperature condition is maintained.