Abstract: Methods of manufacturing a semiconductor chip are provided. The methods may include providing a semiconductor substrate including integrated circuit regions and a cut region. The cut region may be between the integrated circuit regions. The methods may also include forming a modified layer by emitting a laser beam into the semiconductor substrate along the cut region, polishing an inactive surface of the semiconductor substrate to propagate a crack from the modified layer, and separating the integrated circuit regions along the crack. The cut region may include a plurality of multilayer metal patterns on an active surface of the semiconductor substrate, which is opposite to the inactive surface of the semiconductor substrate. The plurality of multilayer metal patterns may form a pyramid structure when viewed in cross section.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a route re-search method of a navigation apparatus, and more particularly, to a route re-search method, wherein when a route is re-searched for, the location at the completion time of the re-search is estimated and a route is re-searched for from the estimated location. A navigation apparatus according to the present invention comprises a GPS receiving unit 10 for receiving GPS satellite signals and calculating current location; a data storage unit 40 for storing map information and information on route search time versus distance; and a main controller 50 for re-searching for a route using the route search time versus distance. At this time, if re-search for a route is requested, the main controller 50 searches for re-search time corresponding to re-search distance from the search information storage portion, estimates location after the re-search time based on current moving velocity, and re-searches for a route that starts from the location.

Abstract: A method of recycling waste water is preferably provided in which hardness and gas are removed from the waste water. Additionally, salt and organic carbon are preferably removed from the waste water using high-efficiency reverse osmosis. The pH of the waste water can be controlled to optimize the processes. The recycled semiconductor waste water can then be made available for use as industrial water for performing a semiconductor fabrication process. As a result, a cost for manufacturing a semiconductor device may be reduced. The principles of the present invention also provide a more environmentally friendly manufacturing method, since it produces less semiconductor waste water when being performed than conventional methods.