Abstract: An LCD panel, comprises substrates facing each other, a liquid crystal layer disposed between the substrates and liquid crystal alignment layers, each sandwiched between the liquid crystal layer and a respective one of the substrates, wherein the liquid crystal alignment layers comprises hydrocarbon derivative having perfluorocarbon group.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device that includes two substrates that face each other, a liquid crystal cell interposed between the two substrates, and a liquid crystal alignment layer interposed between the liquid crystal cell and at least one of the two substrates, the liquid crystal alignment layer includes a plurality of spherical or spherical-like core particles having a diameter of 10 nm to 1 ?m.

Abstract: Provided is a method of forming a complex plating film using multi-layer graphene metal particles. The method of forming the plating film may include preparing a powder with a metal particle structure coated with multi-layer graphene, and forming a plating film by adding the powder to a plating solution through electric plating.

Abstract: A curved display apparatus and a multi display system having the same are provided. The curved display apparatus includes a display panel, and a fixation member which fixes the display panel so that the display panel is curved with multiple curvatures.

Abstract: A curved display apparatus and a multi display system having the same are provided. The curved display apparatus includes a display panel, and a fixation member which fixes the display panel so that the display panel is curved with multiple curvatures.

Abstract: A sealant composition includes a curable sealing resin, and a plurality of microcapsules dispersed in the sealing resin. Each of the plurality of microcapsules includes a self-curable healing agent and a capsule coating film encapsulating the healing agent.

Abstract: A curved display device includes a bent first substrate and a bent second substrate spaced apart and facing each other, a sealant positioned at edges of the first substrate and the second substrate, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and contained by the sealant, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are bent to have almost the same curvature radius, and a modulus of elasticity of the sealant, at least when bending of the bent first and second substrates occurs, is about 1 MPa to about 100 MPa and more specifically about 1 MPa to about 50 MPa so that the sealant can be easily shear deformed during the bending process.

Abstract: A curved display apparatus and a multi display system having the same are provided. The curved display apparatus includes a display panel, and a fixation member which fixes the display panel so that the display panel is curved with multiple curvatures.

Abstract: A test data generator, test system and method thereof are provided. In the example method, parallel test data may be received at a first data rate. The received parallel test data may be converted into serial test data at a second data rate. Noise (e.g., jitter noise, level noise, etc.) may be selectively inserted into the converted serial test data. The noise inserted into the serial test data, which may be configured to operate at a higher data rate than the parallel test data, may allow a device to be tested with higher data-rate test data. The example method may be performed by the example test data generator and/or by the example test system.

Abstract: Provided are an integrated circuit (IC) package having balls designed to minimize contact resistance, a test apparatus for testing the IC package, and a method of manufacturing the IC package. The IC package is a ball grid array (BGA) package including solder balls, the solder balls having substantially flat bottoms. The balls of the BGA package are Pb-free balls, and are polished using a mechanical polishing method or a chemical polishing method to have the substantially flat bottoms. The test apparatus includes a plurality of channels, a test board having a wiring pattern connected to the channels, and an IC socket having a plurality of Pogo pins respectively connected to lands of the wiring pattern. The top ends of the Pogo pins of the IC socket are made substantially flat to increase the area that contacts the substantially flat bottom surfaces of the BGA package.

Abstract: A test data generator, test system and method thereof are provided. In the example method, parallel test data may be received at a first data rate. The received parallel test data may be converted into serial test data at a second data rate. Noise (e.g., jitter noise, level noise, etc.) may be selectively inserted into the converted serial test data. The noise inserted into the serial test data, which may be configured to operate at a higher data rate than the parallel test data, may allow a device to be tested with higher data-rate test data. The example method may be performed by the example test data generator and/or by the example test system.