Abstract: Provided herein is a control system for a vehicle. The control system includes an engine including cylinders, each of the cylinders including a fuel injector associated therewith, a vehicle exhaust system coupled in fluid communication with the engine for receiving exhaust gas therefrom, a sensor coupled to the vehicle exhaust system to detect an air-to-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas, and an engine electronic control unit (ECU) communicatively coupled to the sensor and the fuel injector of each cylinder, the ECU including memory and a processor. The ECU is configured to store a sequence of operating states of the cylinders, determine, based on the stored sequence of operating states, expected air-to-fuel ratio (ATFR) value data, receive, from the sensor, actual air-to-fuel ratio (ATFR) value data, determine a difference between the expected and actual ATFR value data, and control operation of the fuel injector based on the determined difference.