Abstract: A method and device for determining abrasive forces is disclosed. In order to determine the forces, at least two removable and distinguishable layers are applied on top of each other to a substrate or base so as to cover one another. Each layer requires a predetermined abrasive force for penetrating and removing the layer by scraping. The strength or force that is required is smaller the closer to the surface the layer is positioned. When the layers are subjected to abrasive forces, parts of the applied layers are scraped off, starting from the outermost layer and further downwards into the underlying layers. In this manner, one of the layers is exposed at each point, thereby indicating the abrasive force at that point. The exposed surface of each layer may then be identified. The method and device are particularly suitable in car-crash testing in order to assess the abrasive forces arising from airbags.

Abstract: A method and device for determining abrasive forces is disclosed. In order to determine the forces, at least two removable and distinguishable layers are applied on top of each other to a substrate or base so as to cover one another. Each layer requires a predetermined abrasive force for penetrating and removing the layer by scraping. The strength or force that is required is smaller the closer to the surface the layer is positioned. When the layers are subjected to abrasive forces, parts of the applied layers are scraped off, starting from the outermost layer and further downwards into the underlying layers. In this manner, one of the layers is exposed at each point, thereby indicating the abrasive force at that point. The exposed surface of each layer may then be identified. The method and device are particularly suitable in car-crash testing in order to assess the abrasive forces arising from airbags.

Abstract: Safety devices and methods of detecting the rotation of a vehicle are disclosed. The safety devices include micromechanical gyros for determining the angular position and angular speed of rotation of the vehicle about one of its axes, a control unit for comparing the angular position and angular speed of rotation with predetermined threshold values for those values in which at least one of the threshold values is variable and is based upon a predetermined operational condition of the vehicle, and at least one protective device actuatable by the control unit based upon that comparison.