Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for optimization of radiotherapy treatments. Example operations for treatment planning include: obtaining first optimization problems for providing radiotherapy treatment to a human subject; performing dose optimization for delivery of the radiotherapy treatment to a treatment (target, low dose) area of the human subject, by performing at least a first pass and a second pass; and generating treatment plan data based on at least one of the multiple solutions provided by the second pass.

Abstract: Dose-volume criteria may be equivalently expressed in terms of quantiles. This re-formulation of a dose-volume criteria allows incorporation of dose-volume criteria into a full optimization problem. Radiotherapy treatment techniques are described that may apply optimization-based formulation of quantiles to express dose-volume criterion as an inequality involving an optimization problem, which may improve DVH modeling, improve computational speed and accuracy of radiation treatment planning, and improve the delivery accuracy and efficacy of radiation doses to a patient undergoing radiotherapy treatment.