Abstract: Provided herein are high energy ion beam generator systems and methods that provide low cost, high performance, robust, consistent, uniform, low gas consumption and high current/high-moderate voltage generation of neutrons and protons. Such systems and methods find use for the commercial-scale generation of neutrons and protons for a wide variety of research, medical, security, and industrial processes.

Abstract: Provided herein are high energy ion beam generator systems and methods that provide low cost, high performance, robust, consistent, uniform, low gas consumption and high current/high-moderate voltage generation of neutrons and protons. Such systems and methods find use for the commercial-scale generation of neutrons and protons for a wide variety of research, medical, security, and industrial processes.

Abstract: A modular floor system comprising at least one floor panel for use in a vehicle. The floor panel is comprised of a top surface material and an interlocking subfloor having one or more interlocking pieces. The top surface material and the interlocking subfloor are affixed to one another. Another aspect of the invention is a method of making a modular floor panel. The method comprises obtaining a top surface material, obtaining an interlocking subfloor having one or more interlocking pieces, and affixing the top surface material and the interlocking subfloor to one another. The top surface material and the interlocking subfloor are preferably affixed to one another by bonding.

Abstract: An apparatus and method by which a user or cardholder can be given an Electronic-Commerce PIN that bears no discernible relation to the ATM PIN, but from which the ATM PIN can be cryptographically determined using the cardholder's account number and an issuer-unique “conversion” secret key. The intent is that the Maestro Master Debit Switch, or else the Member Interface Processor, whichever is appropriate to a given issuer, can “convert” an Electronic-Commerce PIN to an ATM PIN, so that the member, by verifying the ATM PIN, is in effect verifying the Electronic-Commerce PIN. If the Electronic-Commerce PIN is entered incorrectly, it will convert into an incorrect ATM PIN. Thus the member's EDP facility need not deal with two PINs, yet the ATM PIN is not exposed to possible compromise in PCs or other electronic-commerce equipment. The suggested approach ensures that any disclosure of the Electronic-Commerce PIN does not disclose the ATM PIN.

Abstract: A method is provided for conducting a financial transaction by a purchaser with a merchant having an acquirer bank, over a communications network. The method includes the steps of sending a first authorization request using a pseudo account number associated with a real account number to a service provider which forwards a second authorization request to the issuer using the real account number and preferably a pseudo acquirer code associated with the service provider such that the response to the second request is based on the real account number and sent back to the service provider who preferably forwards a response to the first request preferably to the “real” acquirer. A message authentication code is further provided which includes transaction data, and where the authorization request is formatted as a standard payment card track having one or more fields including a discretionary field in which the message authentication code is placed.

Abstract: In a secure electronic payment system, authentication data is sent from a payment account issuer to user software operated by a purchaser. The user software sends the authentication data to a merchant using hidden fields on the Web page of the merchant. The merchant generates an authorization request message based upon the authentication data. The authorization request message is sent to a payment organization either directly from the merchant or via the merchant's acquirer. The payment organization forwards the authorization request message to a payment account issuer which verifies the authorization request message, thereby generating an authorization response message which is sent to the payment organization. The payment organization forwards the authorization response message to the merchant, either directly or via the acquirer.

Abstract: In a secure electronic payment system, authentication data is sent from a payment account issuer to user software operated by a purchaser. The user software sends the authentication data to a merchant using hidden fields on the Web page of the merchant. The merchant generates an authorization request message based upon the authentication data. The authorization request message is sent to a payment organization either directly from the merchant or via the merchant's acquirer. The payment organization forwards the authorization request message to a payment account issuer which verifies the authorization request message, thereby generating an authorization response message which is sent to the payment organization. The payment organization forwards the authorization response message to the merchant, either directly or via the acquirer.

Abstract: A prepress color proof can be prepared using suitable donor elements and an intermediate receiver element that has a roughened outer image receiving layer so that the color image is transferred with high image resolution. The intermediate receiver element can also have a cushioning layer beneath the outer image receiving layer that reduces the tendency for entrapped dirt particles to form minus density spot defects. In addition, a unique carrier plate can be used to carry the donor and intermediate receiver elements through laminating equipment. This carrier plate has a thermoplastic adhesive layer with sufficient tackiness to prevent irreversible dimensional change during lamination.

Abstract: A prepress color proof can be prepared using suitable donor elements and an intermediate receiver element that has a roughened outer image receiving layer so that the color image is transferred with high image resolution. The intermediate receiver element can also have a cushioning layer beneath the outer image receiving layer that reduces the tendency for entrapped dirt particles to form minus density spot defects. In addition, a unique carrier plate can be used to carry the donor and intermediate receiver elements through laminating equipment. This carrier plate has a thermoplastic adhesive layer with sufficient tackiness to prevent irreversible dimensional change during lamination.

Abstract: A hand held applicator tool adapted to work a mass of filler material into a gap to form a seal between two pieces. The tool includes a handle having attached thereto a tapered head defined by tapered lateral side edges thereof which cooperate to define a tip as well as a working surface. The head being upturned in the area adjacent the tip and including a rim margin adjacent the side edges and the tip wherein the rim margin is made of a flexible and resilient material. The tool may further have working tips each having a different radius of curvature so as to seal a gap having at least two different bead widths.