Abstract: In certain embodiments, a method may include a computing device generating a digital representation of a metamaterial structure and sectioning the digital representation to generate a plurality of substantially two-dimensional layer layouts. The method may also include a printing device sequentially fabricating each of a plurality of substantially two-dimensional layers based on a corresponding one of the plurality of substantially two-dimensional layer layouts.

Abstract: Halogenated organic compounds that are inexpensive and are readily available have been used to present the examples of the invention. These chemicals, when in contact with water experience a reaction that releases oxy-halogenated acid. These compounds are weak acids and release hydrogen ions according to their ionization constant keeping a constant level of oxy-halogenated ion. These ions are capable of reacting with catalytic cathodes and can be coupled with anode materials to fabricate galvanic cells. Exemplary embodiments of the present invention include cells with flat and cylindrical form factors having a variety of anodes.